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API Security Checklist
Checklist of the most important security countermeasures when designing, testing, and releasing your API.
Authentication
- Don't use
Basic Auth. Use standard authentication instead.
- Don't reinvent the wheel in
Authentication, token generation, password storage. Use the standards.
- Use
Max Retry and jail features in Login.
- Use encryption on all sensitive data.
Access
- Limit requests (Throttling) to avoid DDoS / brute-force attacks.
- Use HTTPS on server side with TLS 1.2+ and secure ciphers to avoid MITM (Man in the Middle Attack) and ensure
Host header matches the SNI.
- Use
HSTS header with SSL to avoid SSL Strip attacks.
- Turn off directory listings.
- For private APIs, allow access only from safelisted IPs/hosts.
Authorization
OAuth
- Always validate
redirect_uri server-side to allow only safelisted URLs.
- Always try to exchange for code and not tokens (don't allow
response_type=token).
- Use
state parameter with a random hash to prevent CSRF on the OAuth authorization process.
- Define the default scope, and validate scope parameters for each application.
- Use the proper HTTP method according to the operation:
GET (read), POST (create), PUT/PATCH (replace/update), and DELETE (to delete a record), and respond with 405 Method Not Allowed if the requested method isn't appropriate for the requested resource.
- Validate
content-type on request Accept header (Content Negotiation) to allow only your supported format (e.g., application/xml, application/json, etc.) and respond with 406 Not Acceptable response if not matched.
- Validate
content-type of posted data as you accept (e.g., application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data, application/json, etc.).
- Validate user input to avoid common vulnerabilities (e.g.,
XSS, SQL-Injection, Remote Code Execution, etc.).
- Don't use any sensitive data (
credentials, Passwords, security tokens, or API keys) in the URL, but use standard Authorization header.
- Use only server-side encryption.
- Use an API Gateway service to enable caching, Rate Limit policies (e.g.,
Quota, Spike Arrest, or Concurrent Rate Limit) and deploy APIs resources dynamically.
Processing
- Check if all the endpoints are protected behind authentication to avoid broken authentication process.
- User own resource ID should be avoided. Use
/me/orders instead of /user/654321/orders.
- Don't auto-increment IDs. Use
UUID instead.
- If you are parsing XML data, make sure entity parsing is not enabled to avoid
XXE (XML external entity attack).
- If you are parsing XML, YAML or any other language with anchors and refs, make sure entity expansion is not enabled to avoid
Billion Laughs/XML bomb via exponential entity expansion attack.
- Use a CDN for file uploads.
- If you are dealing with huge amount of data, use Workers and Queues to process as much as possible in background and return response fast to avoid HTTP Blocking.
- Do not forget to turn the DEBUG mode OFF.
- Use non-executable stacks when available.
Output
- Send
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff header.
- Send
X-Frame-Options: deny header.
- Send
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none' header.
- Remove fingerprinting headers -
X-Powered-By, Server, X-AspNet-Version, etc.
- Force
content-type for your response. If you return application/json, then your content-type response is application/json.
- Do not return overly specific error messages to the client that could reveal implementation details, use generic messages instead, and log detailed information only on the server side.
- Don't return sensitive data like
credentials, passwords, or security tokens.
- Return the proper status code according to the operation completed. (e.g.,
200 OK, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 405 Method Not Allowed, etc.).
CI & CD
- Audit your design and implementation with unit/integration tests coverage.
- Use a code review process and disregard self-approval.
- Ensure that all components of your services are statically scanned by AV software before pushing to production, including vendor libraries and other dependencies.
- Continuously run security tests (static/dynamic analysis) on your code.
- Check your dependencies (both software and OS) for known vulnerabilities.
- Design a rollback solution for deployments.
Monitoring
- Use centralized logins for all services and components.
- Use agents to monitor all traffic, errors, requests, and responses.
- Use alerts for SMS, Slack, Email, Telegram, Kibana, Cloudwatch, etc.
- Ensure that you aren't logging any sensitive data like credit cards, passwords, PINs, etc.
- Use an IDS and/or IPS system to monitor your API requests and instances.
See also:
API Security Best Practices (Advanced)
Rate Limiting & Abuse Prevention
- Implement sliding window rate limiting per API key and IP.
- Use exponential backoff for repeated failed authentication attempts.
- Implement CAPTCHA or proof-of-work challenges after suspicious activity.
- Monitor and alert on unusual API usage patterns (time, volume, endpoints).
GraphQL-Specific Security
- Disable introspection in production environments.
- Implement query depth limiting to prevent nested query attacks.
- Use query cost analysis to prevent resource exhaustion.
- Whitelist allowed queries in production when possible.
Secrets Management
- Rotate API keys and secrets on a regular schedule.
- Use hardware security modules (HSM) for signing operations.
- Implement secret scanning in CI/CD pipelines.
- Never commit secrets to version control - use environment variables or secret managers.
Zero Trust Architecture
- Implement mutual TLS (mTLS) for service-to-service communication.
- Validate all requests even from internal services.
- Use short-lived tokens with automatic refresh.
- Implement request signing for sensitive operations.
Contribution
Feel free to contribute by forking this repository, making some changes, and submitting pull requests. For any questions drop us an email at [email protected].
一份社区维护的清单，汇总了在设计、测试和发布 API 时最重要的安全防护措施——就是一份上线前逐项勾选的核对清单。