candle
Candle is a minimalist ML framework for Rust with a focus on performance (including GPU support)
and ease of use. Try our online demos:
whisper,
LLaMA2,
T5,
yolo,
Segment
Anything.
Get started
Make sure that you have candle-core correctly installed as described in Installation.
Let's see how to run a simple matrix multiplication.
Write the following to your myapp/src/main.rs file:
use candle_core::{Device, Tensor};
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let device = Device::Cpu;
let a = Tensor::randn(0f32, 1., (2, 3), &device)?;
let b = Tensor::randn(0f32, 1., (3, 4), &device)?;
let c = a.matmul(&b)?;
println!("{c}");
Ok(())
}
cargo run should display a tensor of shape Tensor[[2, 4], f32].
Having installed candle with Cuda support, simply define the device to be on GPU:
- let device = Device::Cpu;
+ let device = Device::new_cuda(0)?;
For more advanced examples, please have a look at the following section.
Check out our examples
These online demos run entirely in your browser:
We also provide some command line based examples using state of the art models:
- LLaMA v1, v2, and v3: general LLM, includes
the SOLAR-10.7B variant.
- Falcon: general LLM.
- Codegeex4: Code completion, code interpreter, web search, function calling, repository-level
- GLM4: Open Multilingual Multimodal Chat LMs by THUDM
- Gemma v1 and v2: 2b and 7b+/9b general LLMs from Google Deepmind.
- RecurrentGemma: 2b and 7b
Griffin based models from Google that mix attention with a RNN like state.
- Phi-1, Phi-1.5, Phi-2, and Phi-3: 1.3b,
2.7b, and 3.8b general LLMs with performance on par with 7b models.
- StableLM-3B-4E1T: a 3b general LLM
pre-trained on 1T tokens of English and code datasets. Also supports
StableLM-2, a 1.6b LLM trained on 2T tokens, as well as the code variants.
- Mamba: an inference only
implementation of the Mamba state space model.
- Mistral7b-v0.1: a 7b general LLM with
better performance than all publicly available 13b models as of 2023-09-28.
- Mixtral8x7b-v0.1: a sparse mixture of
experts 8x7b general LLM with better performance than a Llama 2 70B model with
much faster inference.
- StarCoder and
StarCoder2: LLM specialized to code generation.
- Qwen1.5: Bilingual (English/Chinese) LLMs.
- RWKV v5 and v6: An RNN with transformer level LLM
performance.
- Replit-code-v1.5: a 3.3b LLM specialized for code completion.
- Yi-6B / Yi-34B: two bilingual
(English/Chinese) general LLMs with 6b and 34b parameters.
- Quantized LLaMA: quantized version of
the LLaMA model using the same quantization techniques as
llama.cpp.
- Quantized Qwen3 MoE: support gguf quantized models of Qwen3 MoE models.
- Stable Diffusion: text to
image generative model, support for the 1.5, 2.1, SDXL 1.0 and Turbo versions.
- Wuerstchen: another text to
image generative model.
- SegFormer: transformer based semantic segmentation model.
- Whisper: speech recognition model.
- EnCodec: high-quality audio compression
model using residual vector quantization.
- MetaVoice: foundational model for
text-to-speech.
- Parler-TTS: large text-to-speech
model.
- T5, Bert,
JinaBert : useful for sentence embeddings.
- DINOv2: computer vision model trained
using self-supervision (can be used for imagenet classification, depth
evaluation, segmentation).
- VGG,
RepVGG: computer vision models.
- BLIP: image to text model, can be used to
generate captions for an image.
- CLIP: multi-model vision and language
model.
- TrOCR: a transformer OCR model, with
dedicated submodels for hand-writing and printed recognition.
- Marian-MT: neural machine translation
model, generates the translated text from the input text.
- Moondream: tiny computer-vision model
that can answer real-world questions about images.
Run them using commands like:
cargo run --example quantized --release
In order to use CUDA add --features cuda to the example command line. If
you have cuDNN installed, use --features cudnn for even more speedups.
The opt-in cutile feature supports writing JIT-compiled CUDA kernels in Rust;
see the cuTile guide for setup and interop details.
There are also some wasm examples for whisper and
llama2.c. You can either build them with
trunk or try them online:
whisper,
llama2,
T5,
Phi-1.5, and Phi-2,
Segment Anything Model.
For LLaMA2, run the following command to retrieve the weight files and start a
test server:
# install target platform 'wasm32-unknown-unknown'
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
cd candle-wasm-examples/llama2-c
wget https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-llama2/resolve/main/model.bin
wget https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-llama2/resolve/main/tokenizer.json
trunk serve --release --port 8081
And then head over to
http://localhost:8081/.
Useful External Resources
candle-tutorial: A
very detailed tutorial showing how to convert a PyTorch model to Candle.candle-lora: Efficient and
ergonomic LoRA implementation for Candle. candle-lora has
out-of-the-box LoRA support for many models from Candle, which can be found
here.candle-video: Rust library for text-to-video generation (LTX-Video and related models) built on Candle, focused on fast, Python-free inference.optimisers: A collection of optimisers
including SGD with momentum, AdaGrad, AdaDelta, AdaMax, NAdam, RAdam, and RMSprop.candle-vllm: Efficient platform for inference and
serving local LLMs including an OpenAI compatible API server.candle-ext: An extension library to Candle that provides PyTorch functions not currently available in Candle.candle-coursera-ml: Implementation of ML algorithms from Coursera's Machine Learning Specialization course.kalosm: A multi-modal meta-framework in Rust for interfacing with local pre-trained models with support for controlled generation, custom samplers, in-memory vector databases, audio transcription, and more.candle-sampling: Sampling techniques for Candle.gpt-from-scratch-rs: A port of Andrej Karpathy's Let's build GPT tutorial on YouTube showcasing the Candle API on a toy problem.candle-einops: A pure rust implementation of the python einops library.atoma-infer: A Rust library for fast inference at scale, leveraging FlashAttention2 for efficient attention computation, PagedAttention for efficient KV-cache memory management, and multi-GPU support. It is OpenAI api compatible.llms-from-scratch-rs: A comprehensive Rust translation of the code from Sebastian Raschka's Build an LLM from Scratch book.vllm.rs: A minimalist vLLM implementation in Rust based on Candle.
If you have an addition to this list, please submit a pull request.
Features
- Simple syntax, looks and feels like PyTorch.
- Backends.
- Optimized CPU backend with optional MKL support for x86 and Accelerate for macs.
- CUDA backend for efficiently running on GPUs, multiple GPU distribution via NCCL.
- WASM support, run your models in a browser.
- Included models.
- Language Models.
- LLaMA v1, v2, and v3 with variants such as SOLAR-10.7B.
- Falcon.
- StarCoder, StarCoder2.
- Phi 1, 1.5, 2, and 3.
- Mamba, Minimal Mamba
- Gemma v1 2b and 7b+, v2 2b and 9b.
- Mistral 7b v0.1.
- Mixtral 8x7b v0.1.
- StableLM-3B-4E1T, StableLM-2-1.6B, Stable-Code-3B.
- Replit-code-v1.5-3B.
- Bert.
- Yi-6B and Yi-34B.
- Qwen1.5, Qwen1.5 MoE, Qwen3 MoE.
- RWKV v5 and v6.
- Quantized LLMs.
- Llama 7b, 13b, 70b, as well as the chat and code variants.
- Mistral 7b, and 7b instruct.
- Mixtral 8x7b.
- Zephyr 7b a and b (Mistral-7b based).
- OpenChat 3.5 (Mistral-7b based).
- Qwen3 MoE (16B-A3B, 32B-A3B)
- Text to text.
- T5 and its variants: FlanT5, UL2, MADLAD400 (translation), CoEdit (Grammar correction).
- Marian MT (Machine Translation).
- Text to image.
- Stable Diffusion v1.5, v2.1, XL v1.0.
- Wurstchen v2.
- Image to text.
- Audio.
- Whisper, multi-lingual speech-to-text.
- EnCodec, audio compression model.
- MetaVoice-1B, text-to-speech model.
- Parler-TTS, text-to-speech model.
- Computer Vision Models.
- DINOv2, ConvMixer, EfficientNet, ResNet, ViT, VGG, RepVGG, ConvNeXT,
ConvNeXTv2, MobileOne, EfficientVit (MSRA), MobileNetv4, Hiera, FastViT.
- yolo-v3, yolo-v8.
- Segment-Anything Model (SAM).
- SegFormer.
- File formats: load models from safetensors, npz, ggml, or PyTorch files.
- Serverless (on CPU), small and fast deployments.
- Quantization support using the llama.cpp quantized types.
How to use
Cheatsheet:
|
Using PyTorch |
Using Candle |
| Creation |
torch.Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) |
Tensor::new(&[[1f32, 2.], [3., 4.]], &Device::Cpu)? |
| Creation |
torch.zeros((2, 2)) |
Tensor::zeros((2, 2), DType::F32, &Device::Cpu)? |
| Indexing |
tensor[:, :4] |
tensor.i((.., ..4))? |
| Operations |
tensor.view((2, 2)) |
tensor.reshape((2, 2))? |
| Operations |
a.matmul(b) |
a.matmul(&b)? |
| Arithmetic |
a + b |
&a + &b |
| Device |
tensor.to(device="cuda") |
tensor.to_device(&Device::new_cuda(0)?)? |
| Dtype |
tensor.to(dtype=torch.float16) |
tensor.to_dtype(&DType::F16)? |
| Saving |
torch.save({"A": A}, "model.bin") |
candle::safetensors::save(&HashMap::from([("A", A)]), "model.safetensors")? |
| Loading |
weights = torch.load("model.bin") |
candle::safetensors::load("model.safetensors", &device) |
Structure
FAQ
Why should I use Candle?
Candle's core goal is to make serverless inference possible. Full machine learning frameworks like PyTorch
are very large, which makes creating instances on a cluster slow. Candle allows deployment of lightweight
binaries.
Secondly, Candle lets you remove Python from production workloads. Python overhead can seriously hurt performance,
and the GIL is a notorious source of headaches.
Finally, Rust is cool! A lot of the HF ecosystem already has Rust crates, like safetensors and tokenizers.
Other ML frameworks
dfdx is a formidable crate, with shapes being included
in types. This prevents a lot of headaches by getting the compiler to complain about shape mismatches right off the bat.
However, we found that some features still require nightly, and writing code can be a bit daunting for non rust experts.
We're leveraging and contributing to other core crates for the runtime so hopefully both crates can benefit from each
other.
burn is a general crate that can leverage multiple backends so you can choose the best
engine for your workload.
tch-rs Bindings to the torch library in Rust. Extremely versatile, but they
bring in the entire torch library into the runtime. The main contributor of tch-rs is also involved in the development
of candle.
Common Errors
Missing symbols when compiling with the mkl feature.
If you get some missing symbols when compiling binaries/tests using the mkl
or accelerate features, e.g. for mkl you get:
= note: /usr/bin/ld: (....o): in function `blas::sgemm':
.../blas-0.22.0/src/lib.rs:1944: undefined reference to `sgemm_' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
= note: some `extern` functions couldn't be found; some native libraries may need to be installed or have their path specified
= note: use the `-l` flag to specify native libraries to link
= note: use the `cargo:rustc-link-lib` directive to specify the native libraries to link with Cargo
or for accelerate:
Undefined symbols for architecture arm64:
"_dgemm_", referenced from:
candle_core::accelerate::dgemm::h1b71a038552bcabe in libcandle_core...
"_sgemm_", referenced from:
candle_core::accelerate::sgemm::h2cf21c592cba3c47 in libcandle_core...
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture arm64
This is likely due to a missing linker flag that was needed to enable the mkl library. You
can try adding the following for mkl at the top of your binary:
extern crate intel_mkl_src;
or for accelerate:
extern crate accelerate_src;
Cannot run the LLaMA examples: access to source requires login credentials
Error: request error: https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf/resolve/main/tokenizer.json: status code 401
This is likely because you're not permissioned for the LLaMA-v2 model. To fix
this, you have to register on the huggingface-hub, accept the LLaMA-v2 model
conditions, and set up your
authentication token. See issue
#350 for more details.
Docker build
When building CUDA kernels inside a Dockerfile, nvidia-smi cannot be used to auto-detect compute capability.
You must explicitly set CUDA_COMPUTE_CAP, for example:
FROM nvidia/cuda:12.9.0-devel-ubuntu22.04
# Install git and curl
RUN set -eux; \
apt-get update; \
apt-get install -y curl git ca-certificates;
# Install Rust
RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
# Clone candle repo
RUN git clone https://github.com/huggingface/candle.git
# Set compute capability for the build
ARG CUDA_COMPUTE_CAP=90
ENV CUDA_COMPUTE_CAP=${CUDA_COMPUTE_CAP}
# Build with explicit compute cap
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN cargo build --release features cuda
Compiling with flash-attention fails
/usr/include/c++/11/bits/std_function.h:530:146: error: parameter packs not expanded with ‘...’:
This is a bug in gcc-11 triggered by the Cuda compiler. To fix this, install a different, supported gcc version - for example gcc-10, and specify the path to the compiler in the NVCC_CCBIN environment variable.
env NVCC_CCBIN=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10 cargo ...
Linking error on windows when running rustdoc or mdbook tests
Couldn't compile the test.
---- .\candle-book\src\inference\hub.md - Using_the_hub::Using_in_a_real_model_ (line 50) stdout ----
error: linking with `link.exe` failed: exit code: 1181
//very long chain of linking
= note: LINK : fatal error LNK1181: cannot open input file 'windows.0.48.5.lib'
Make sure you link all native libraries that might be located outside a project target, e.g., to run mdbook tests, you should run:
mdbook test candle-book -L .\target\debug\deps\ `
-L native=$env:USERPROFILE\.cargo\registry\src\index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f\windows_x86_64_msvc-0.42.2\lib `
-L native=$env:USERPROFILE\.cargo\registry\src\index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f\windows_x86_64_msvc-0.48.5\lib
Extremely slow model load time with WSL
This may be caused by the models being loaded from /mnt/c, more details on
stackoverflow.
Tracking down errors
You can set RUST_BACKTRACE=1 to be provided with backtraces when a candle
error is generated.
CudaRC error
If you encounter an error like this one called Result::unwrap()on anErr value: LoadLibraryExW { source: Os { code: 126, kind: Uncategorized, message: "The specified module could not be found." } } on windows. To fix copy and rename these 3 files (make sure they are in path). The paths depend on your cuda version.
c:\Windows\System32\nvcuda.dll -> cuda.dll
c:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v12.4\bin\cublas64_12.dll -> cublas.dll
c:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v12.4\bin\curand64_10.dll -> curand.dll
Candle 是一个极简的 Rust 机器学习框架,注重性能(包括 GPU 支持)和易用性。它自带针对大语言模型、语音、视觉和文生图模型的现成示例。