ws README

The project's README from github.com/websockets/ws. As one markdown file: README.md.

ws: a Node.js WebSocket library

Version npm CI Coverage Status

ws is a simple to use, blazing fast, and thoroughly tested WebSocket client and server implementation.

Passes the quite extensive Autobahn test suite: server, client.

Note: This module does not work in the browser. The client in the docs is a reference to a backend with the role of a client in the WebSocket communication. Browser clients must use the native WebSocket object. To make the same code work seamlessly on Node.js and the browser, you can use one of the many wrappers available on npm, like isomorphic-ws.

Table of Contents

Protocol support

Installing

npm install ws

Opt-in for performance

bufferutil is an optional module that can be installed alongside the ws module:

npm install --save-optional bufferutil

This is a binary addon that improves the performance of certain operations such as masking and unmasking the data payload of the WebSocket frames. Prebuilt binaries are available for the most popular platforms, so you don't necessarily need to have a C++ compiler installed on your machine.

To force ws to not use bufferutil, use the WS_NO_BUFFER_UTIL environment variable. This can be useful to enhance security in systems where a user can put a package in the package search path of an application of another user, due to how the Node.js resolver algorithm works.

Legacy opt-in for performance

If you are running on an old version of Node.js (prior to v18.14.0), ws also supports the utf-8-validate module:

npm install --save-optional utf-8-validate

This contains a binary polyfill for buffer.isUtf8().

To force ws not to use utf-8-validate, use the WS_NO_UTF_8_VALIDATE environment variable.

API docs

See /doc/ws.md for Node.js-like documentation of ws classes and utility functions.

WebSocket compression

ws supports the permessage-deflate extension which enables the client and server to negotiate a compression algorithm and its parameters, and then selectively apply it to the data payloads of each WebSocket message.

The extension is disabled by default on the server and enabled by default on the client. It adds a significant overhead in terms of performance and memory consumption so we suggest to enable it only if it is really needed.

Note that Node.js has a variety of issues with high-performance compression, where increased concurrency, especially on Linux, can lead to catastrophic memory fragmentation and slow performance. If you intend to use permessage-deflate in production, it is worthwhile to set up a test representative of your workload and ensure Node.js/zlib will handle it with acceptable performance and memory usage.

Tuning of permessage-deflate can be done via the options defined below. You can also use zlibDeflateOptions and zlibInflateOptions, which is passed directly into the creation of raw deflate/inflate streams.

See the docs for more options.

import WebSocket, { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const wss = new WebSocketServer({
  port: 8080,
  perMessageDeflate: {
    zlibDeflateOptions: {
      // See zlib defaults.
      chunkSize: 1024,
      memLevel: 7,
      level: 3
    },
    zlibInflateOptions: {
      chunkSize: 10 * 1024
    },
    // Other options settable:
    clientNoContextTakeover: true, // Defaults to negotiated value.
    serverNoContextTakeover: true, // Defaults to negotiated value.
    serverMaxWindowBits: 10, // Defaults to negotiated value.
    // Below options specified as default values.
    concurrencyLimit: 10, // Limits zlib concurrency for perf.
    threshold: 1024 // Size (in bytes) below which messages
    // should not be compressed if context takeover is disabled.
  }
});

The client will only use the extension if it is supported and enabled on the server. To always disable the extension on the client, set the perMessageDeflate option to false.

import WebSocket from 'ws';

const ws = new WebSocket('ws://www.host.com/path', {
  perMessageDeflate: false
});

Usage examples

Sending and receiving text data

import WebSocket from 'ws';

const ws = new WebSocket('ws://www.host.com/path');

ws.on('error', console.error);

ws.on('open', function open() {
  ws.send('something');
});

ws.on('message', function message(data) {
  console.log('received: %s', data);
});

Sending binary data

import WebSocket from 'ws';

const ws = new WebSocket('ws://www.host.com/path');

ws.on('error', console.error);

ws.on('open', function open() {
  const array = new Float32Array(5);

  for (var i = 0; i < array.length; ++i) {
    array[i] = i / 2;
  }

  ws.send(array);
});

Simple server

import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 8080 });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  ws.on('message', function message(data) {
    console.log('received: %s', data);
  });

  ws.send('something');
});

External HTTP/S server

import { createServer } from 'https';
import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const server = createServer({
  cert: readFileSync('/path/to/cert.pem'),
  key: readFileSync('/path/to/key.pem')
});
const wss = new WebSocketServer({ server });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  ws.on('message', function message(data) {
    console.log('received: %s', data);
  });

  ws.send('something');
});

server.listen(8080);

Multiple servers sharing a single HTTP/S server

import { createServer } from 'http';
import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const server = createServer();
const wss1 = new WebSocketServer({ noServer: true });
const wss2 = new WebSocketServer({ noServer: true });

wss1.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  // ...
});

wss2.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  // ...
});

server.on('upgrade', function upgrade(request, socket, head) {
  const { pathname } = new URL(request.url, 'wss://base.url');

  if (pathname === '/foo') {
    wss1.handleUpgrade(request, socket, head, function done(ws) {
      wss1.emit('connection', ws, request);
    });
  } else if (pathname === '/bar') {
    wss2.handleUpgrade(request, socket, head, function done(ws) {
      wss2.emit('connection', ws, request);
    });
  } else {
    socket.destroy();
  }
});

server.listen(8080);

Client authentication

import { createServer } from 'http';
import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

function onSocketError(err) {
  console.error(err);
}

const server = createServer();
const wss = new WebSocketServer({ noServer: true });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws, request, client) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  ws.on('message', function message(data) {
    console.log(`Received message ${data} from user ${client}`);
  });
});

server.on('upgrade', function upgrade(request, socket, head) {
  socket.on('error', onSocketError);

  // This function is not defined on purpose. Implement it with your own logic.
  authenticate(request, function next(err, client) {
    if (err || !client) {
      socket.write('HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n\r\n');
      socket.destroy();
      return;
    }

    socket.removeListener('error', onSocketError);

    wss.handleUpgrade(request, socket, head, function done(ws) {
      wss.emit('connection', ws, request, client);
    });
  });
});

server.listen(8080);

Also see the provided example using express-session.

Server broadcast

A client WebSocket broadcasting to all connected WebSocket clients, including itself.

import WebSocket, { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 8080 });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  ws.on('message', function message(data, isBinary) {
    wss.clients.forEach(function each(client) {
      if (client.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        client.send(data, { binary: isBinary });
      }
    });
  });
});

A client WebSocket broadcasting to every other connected WebSocket clients, excluding itself.

import WebSocket, { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 8080 });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.on('error', console.error);

  ws.on('message', function message(data, isBinary) {
    wss.clients.forEach(function each(client) {
      if (client !== ws && client.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        client.send(data, { binary: isBinary });
      }
    });
  });
});

Round-trip time

import WebSocket from 'ws';

const ws = new WebSocket('wss://websocket-echo.com/');

ws.on('error', console.error);

ws.on('open', function open() {
  console.log('connected');
  ws.send(Date.now());
});

ws.on('close', function close() {
  console.log('disconnected');
});

ws.on('message', function message(data) {
  console.log(`Round-trip time: ${Date.now() - data} ms`);

  setTimeout(function timeout() {
    ws.send(Date.now());
  }, 500);
});

Use the Node.js streams API

import WebSocket, { createWebSocketStream } from 'ws';

const ws = new WebSocket('wss://websocket-echo.com/');

const duplex = createWebSocketStream(ws, { encoding: 'utf8' });

duplex.on('error', console.error);

duplex.pipe(process.stdout);
process.stdin.pipe(duplex);

Other examples

For a full example with a browser client communicating with a ws server, see the examples folder.

Otherwise, see the test cases.

FAQ

How to get the IP address of the client?

The remote IP address can be obtained from the raw socket.

import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 8080 });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws, req) {
  const ip = req.socket.remoteAddress;

  ws.on('error', console.error);
});

When the server runs behind a proxy like NGINX, the de-facto standard is to use the X-Forwarded-For header.

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws, req) {
  const ip = req.headers['x-forwarded-for'].split(',')[0].trim();

  ws.on('error', console.error);
});

How to detect and close broken connections?

Sometimes, the link between the server and the client can be interrupted in a way that keeps both the server and the client unaware of the broken state of the connection (e.g. when pulling the cord).

In these cases, ping messages can be used as a means to verify that the remote endpoint is still responsive.

import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';

function heartbeat() {
  this.isAlive = true;
}

const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: 8080 });

wss.on('connection', function connection(ws) {
  ws.isAlive = true;
  ws.on('error', console.error);
  ws.on('pong', heartbeat);
});

const interval = setInterval(function ping() {
  wss.clients.forEach(function each(ws) {
    if (ws.isAlive === false) return ws.terminate();

    ws.isAlive = false;
    ws.ping();
  });
}, 30000);

wss.on('close', function close() {
  clearInterval(interval);
});

Pong messages are automatically sent in response to ping messages as required by the spec.

Just like the server example above, your clients might as well lose connection without knowing it. You might want to add a ping listener on your clients to prevent that. A simple implementation would be:

import WebSocket from 'ws';

function heartbeat() {
  clearTimeout(this.pingTimeout);

  // Use `WebSocket#terminate()`, which immediately destroys the connection,
  // instead of `WebSocket#close()`, which waits for the close timer.
  // Delay should be equal to the interval at which your server
  // sends out pings plus a conservative assumption of the latency.
  this.pingTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
    this.terminate();
  }, 30000 + 1000);
}

const client = new WebSocket('wss://websocket-echo.com/');

client.on('error', console.error);
client.on('open', heartbeat);
client.on('ping', heartbeat);
client.on('close', function clear() {
  clearTimeout(this.pingTimeout);
});

How to connect via a proxy?

Use a custom http.Agent implementation like https-proxy-agent or socks-proxy-agent.

Changelog

We're using the GitHub releases for changelog entries.

License

MIT

ws (websockets/ws)

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Ws
这是做什么的?ws 是一个简单易用、速度极快、经过充分测试的 WebSocket 客户端和服务器实现,适用于 Node.js,并支持 permessage-deflate 压缩扩展。
这是一个引入到我的 Node.js 应用里的库,还是需要单独部署的服务器?它是一个 npm 库:把它安装到你的项目里,然后编写代码来创建 WebSocket 服务器或客户端连接。它没有任何运行时依赖。
怎么把它添加到项目里?用 'npm install ws' 从 npm 安装即可。如果想要更高的速度,还可以安装可选的 bufferutil 插件,它能加速帧数据载荷的掩码和去掩码处理。
除了安装 Node.js,我还需要别的吗?核心功能只需要 Node.js 10 或更高版本。可选的性能插件 bufferutil 和 utf-8-validate 自带预编译的二进制文件,所以通常不需要 C++ 编译器。
WebSocket 压缩默认是开启的吗?permessage-deflate 扩展在服务器端默认关闭,在客户端默认开启。它会带来明显的性能和内存开销——在 Linux 上高负载时,Node.js 的 zlib 可能把内存碎片搞得很严重——所以只有在真正需要时才开启。
在浏览器里也能用它吗?不能——ws 只能运行在 Node.js 上。浏览器端必须使用原生的 WebSocket 对象;如果想在 Node.js 和浏览器之间共用一套代码,可以使用 isomorphic-ws 这样的封装库。
可以免费使用吗,包括商业用途?可以——ws 采用 MIT 许可证,可以免费用于商业项目。
我怎么获取已连接客户端的 IP 地址?从原始 socket 中读取即可。当服务器运行在 NGINX 这类代理后面时,事实上的标准是 X-Forwarded-For 请求头。
它支持哪些 WebSocket 协议版本?通过 protocolVersion: 8 选项支持 HyBi 草案 07-12,也支持草案 13-17——也就是当前的默认版本。兼容性由内容详尽的 Autobahn 测试套件保障,服务器端和客户端都有公开的测试报告。
我能强制禁用性能插件或压缩吗?可以:设置 WSNOBUFFERUTIL 和 WSNOUTF8VALIDATE 环境变量可以让 ws 忽略 bufferutil 和 utf-8-validate;把 perMessageDeflate 选项设为 false 则始终会在客户端禁用压缩。
What are similar projects?websocket, socket.io, node-http-proxy, warp, http-proxy-middleware, websocketd, tornado, pomelo
Which topics is it in?communication, compression, protocol, node, websocket, http, real-time, backend, networking, npm, server, nodejs
Creator
websockets
Size
16 MB
Stars
22.8K
Updated
CommitOct 09Release8.22.0Sep 26
Age
14y
Commits · 90 Days