The Closure Compiler is a
tool for making JavaScript download and run faster. It is a true compiler for
JavaScript. Instead of compiling from a source language to machine code, it
compiles from JavaScript to better JavaScript. It parses your JavaScript,
analyzes it, removes dead code and rewrites and minimizes what's left. It also
checks syntax, variable references, and types, and warns about common JavaScript
pitfalls.
Important Caveats
Compilation modes other than ADVANCED were always an afterthought and we
have deprecated those modes. We believe that other tools perform comparably
for non-ADVANCED modes and are better integrated into the broader JS
ecosystem.
Closure Compiler is not suitable for arbitrary JavaScript. For ADVANCED
mode to generate working JavaScript, the input JS code must be written with
closure-compiler in mind.
Closure Compiler is a "whole world" optimizer. It expects to directly see or
at least receive information about every possible use of every global or
exported variable and every property name.
It will aggressively remove and rename variables and properties in order to
make the output code as small as possible. This will result in broken output
JS, if uses of global variables or properties are hidden from it.
Although one can write custom externs files to tell the compiler to leave
some names unchanged so they can safely be accessed by code that is not part
of the compilation, this is often tedious to maintain.
Closure Compiler property renaming requires you to consistently access a
property with either obj[p] or obj.propName, but not both.
When you access a property with square brackets (e.g. obj[p]) or using some
other indirect method like let {p} = obj; this hides the literal name of
the property being referenced from the compiler. It cannot know if
obj.propName is referring to the same property as obj[p]. In some cases
it will notice this problem and stop the compilation with an error. In other
cases it will rename propName to something shorter, without noticing this
problem, resulting in broken output JS code.
Closure Compiler aggressively inlines global variables and flattens chains
of property names on global variables (e.g. myFoo.some.sub.property ->
myFoo$some$sub$property), to make reasoning about them easier for detecting
unused code.
It tries to either back off from doing this or halt with an error when
doing it will generate broken JS output, but there are cases where it will
fail to recognize the problem and simply generate broken JS without warning.
This is much more likely to happen in code that was not explicitly written
with Closure Compiler in mind.
Closure compiler and the externs it uses by default assume that the target
environment is a web browser window.
WebWorkers are supported also, but the compiler will likely fail to warn
you if you try to use features that aren't actually available to a WebWorker.
Some externs files and features have been added to Closure Compiler to
support the NodeJS environment, but they are not actively supported and
never worked very well.
JavaScript that does not use the goog.module() and goog.require() from
base.js to declare and use modules is not well supported.
The ECMAScript import and export syntax did not exist until 2015.
Closure compiler and closure-library developed their own means for
declaring and using modules, and this remains the only well supported
way of defining modules.
The compiler does implement some understanding of ECMAScript modules,
but changing Google's projects to use the newer syntax has never offered
a benefit that was worth the cost of the change. Google's TypeScript code
uses ECMAScript modules, but they are converted to goog.module() syntax
before closure-compiler sees them. So, effectively the ECMAScript modules
support is unused within Google. This means we are unlikely to notice
or fix bugs in the support for ECMAScript modules.
Support for CommonJS modules as input was added in the past, but is not
used within Google, and is likely to be entirely removed sometime in 2024.
Supported uses
Closure Compiler is used by Google projects to:
Drastically reduce the code size of very large JavaScript applications
Check the JS code for errors and for conformance to general and/or
project-specific best practices.
Define user-visible messages in a way that makes it possible to replace
them with translated versions to create localized versions of an
application.
Transpile newer JS features into a form that will run on browsers that
lack support for those features.
Break the output application into chunks that may be individually loaded
as needed.
NOTE: These chunks are plain JavaScript scripts. They do not use the
ECMAScript import and export syntax.
To achieve these goals closure compiler places many restrictions on its input:
Use goog.module() and goog.require() to declare and use modules.
Support for the import and export syntax added in ES6 is not actively
maintained.
Use annotations in comments to declare type information and provide
information the compiler needs to avoid breaking some code patterns
(e.g. @nocollapse and @noinline).
Either use only dot-access (e.g. object.property) or only use dynamic
access (e.g. object[propertyName] or Object.keys(object)) to access
the properties of a particular object type.
Mixing these will hide some uses of a property from the compiler, resulting
in broken output code when it renames the property.
In general the compiler expects to see an entire application as a single
compilation. Interfaces must be carefully and explicitly constructed in
order to allow interoperation with code outside of the compilation unit.
The compiler assumes it can see all uses of all variables and properties
and will freely rename them or remove them if they appear unused.
Use externs files to inform the compiler of any variables or properties
that it must not remove or rename.
There are default externs files declaring the standard JS and DOM global
APIs. More externs files are necessary if you are using less common
APIs or expect some external JavaScript code to access an API in the
code you are compiling.
Getting Started
IMPORTANT: The NPM packages are not built and distributed by Google. They are an
Open Source contribution from ChadKillingsworth, who manages and builds them
from a separate repository at https://github.com/ChadKillingsworth/closure-compiler-npm.
The easiest way to install the compiler is with NPM or
Yarn:
yarn global add google-closure-compiler
# OR
npm i -g google-closure-compiler
The package manager will link the binary for you, and you can access the
compiler with:
google-closure-compiler
This starts the compiler in interactive mode. Type:
var x = 17 + 25;
Hit Enter, then Ctrl+Z (on Windows) or Ctrl+D (on Mac/Linux), then Enter
again. The Compiler will respond with the compiled output (using SIMPLE mode
by default):
var x=42;
Downloading from Maven Repository
A pre-compiled release of the compiler is also available via
Maven.
https://jscompressor.treblereel.dev/ is a web-based UI and REST API for Closure
Compiler, developed and maintained by at
https://github.com/treblereel/jscompressor.
Basic usage
The Closure Compiler has many options for reading input from a file, writing
output to a file, checking your code, and running optimizations. Here is a
simple example of compressing a JS program:
google-closure-compiler --js file.js --js_output_file file.out.js
We get the most benefit from the compiler if we give it all of our source
code (see Compiling Multiple Scripts), which
allows us to use ADVANCED optimizations:
google-closure-compiler -O ADVANCED rollup.js --js_output_file rollup.min.js
NOTE: The output below is just an example and not kept up-to-date. The
Flags and Options wiki page
is updated during each release.
To see all of the compiler's options, type:
google-closure-compiler --help
--flag |
Description |
--compilation_level (-O) |
Specifies the compilation level to use.
Options: BUNDLE, WHITESPACE_ONLY,
SIMPLE (default), ADVANCED
|
--env |
Determines the set of builtin externs to load.
Options: BROWSER, CUSTOM.
Defaults to BROWSER.
|
--externs |
The file containing JavaScript externs. You may specify multiple |
--js |
The JavaScript filename. You may specify multiple. The flag name is
optional, because args are interpreted as files by default. You may also
use minimatch-style glob patterns. For example, use
--js='**.js' --js='!**_test.js' to recursively include all
js files that do not end in _test.js
|
--js_output_file |
Primary output filename. If not specified, output is written to stdout.
|
--language_in |
Sets the language spec to which input sources should conform.
Options: ECMASCRIPT3, ECMASCRIPT5,
ECMASCRIPT5_STRICT, ECMASCRIPT_2015,
ECMASCRIPT_2016, ECMASCRIPT_2017,
ECMASCRIPT_2018, ECMASCRIPT_2019,
STABLE, ECMASCRIPT_NEXT
|
--language_out |
Sets the language spec to which output should conform.
Options: ECMASCRIPT3, ECMASCRIPT5,
ECMASCRIPT5_STRICT, ECMASCRIPT_2015,
ECMASCRIPT_2016, ECMASCRIPT_2017,
ECMASCRIPT_2018, ECMASCRIPT_2019,
STABLE
|
--warning_level (-W) |
Specifies the warning level to use.
Options: QUIET, DEFAULT, VERBOSE
|
See the Google Developers Site for documentation including instructions for running the compiler from the command line.
NodeJS API
You can access the compiler in a JS program by importing
google-closure-compiler:
import closureCompiler from 'google-closure-compiler';
const { compiler } = closureCompiler;
new compiler({
js: 'file-one.js',
compilation_level: 'ADVANCED'
});
This package will provide programmatic access to the native Graal binary in most
cases, and will fall back to the Java version otherwise.
Please see the closure-compiler-npm repository for documentation on accessing the compiler in JS.
Compiling Multiple Scripts
If you have multiple scripts, you should compile them all together with one
compile command.
google-closure-compiler in1.js in2.js in3.js --js_output_file out.js
You can also use minimatch-style globs.
# Recursively include all js files in subdirs
google-closure-compiler 'src/**.js' --js_output_file out.js
# Recursively include all js files in subdirs, excluding test files.
# Use single-quotes, so that bash doesn't try to expand the '!'
google-closure-compiler 'src/**.js' '!**_test.js' --js_output_file out.js
The Closure Compiler will concatenate the files in the order they're passed at
the command line.
If you're using globs or many files, you may start to run into problems with
managing dependencies between scripts. In this case, you should use the
included lib/base.js that provides functions for enforcing
dependencies between scripts (namely goog.module and goog.require). Closure
Compiler will re-order the inputs automatically.
Closure JavaScript Library
The Closure Compiler releases with lib/base.js that provides
JavaScript functions and variables that serve as primitives enabling certain
features of the Closure Compiler. This file is a derivative of the
identically named base.js
in the
soon-to-be deprecated
Closure Library. This base.js will be supported by Closure Compiler going
forward and may receive new features. It was designed to only retain its
perceived core parts.
Getting Help
- Post in the
Closure Compiler Discuss Group.
- Ask a question on
Stack Overflow.
- Consult the FAQ.
Building the Compiler
To build the compiler yourself, you will need the following:
| Prerequisite |
Description |
| Java 21 or later |
Used to compile the compiler's source code. |
| NodeJS |
Used to generate resources used by Java compilation |
| Git |
Used by Bazel to download dependencies. |
| Bazelisk |
Used to build the various compiler targets. |
Installing Bazelisk
Bazelisk is a wrapper around Bazel that dynamically loads the appropriate
version of Bazel for a given repository. Using it prevents spurious errors that
result from using the wrong version of Bazel to build the compiler, as well as
makes it easy to use different Bazel versions for other projects.
Bazelisk is available through many package managers. Feel free to use whichever
you're most comfortable with.
Instructions for installing Bazelisk.
Building from a terminal
$ bazelisk build //:compiler_uberjar_deploy.jar
# OR to build everything
$ bazelisk build //:all
Testing from a terminal
Tests can be executed in a similar way. The following command will run all tests
in the repo.
$ bazelisk test //:all
There are hundreds of individual test targets, so it will take a few
minutes to run all of them. While developing, it's usually better to specify
the exact tests you're interested in.
bazelisk test //:$path_to_test_file
Building from an IDE
See Bazel IDE Integrations.
Running
Once the compiler has been built, the compiled JAR will be in the bazel-bin/
directory. You can access it with a call to java -jar ... or by using the
package.json script:
# java -jar bazel-bin/compiler_uberjar_deploy.jar [...args]
yarn compile [...args]
Running using Eclipse
- Open the class
src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/CommandLineRunner.java or
create your own extended version of the class.
- Run the class in Eclipse.
- See the instructions above on how to use the interactive mode - but beware
of the
bug
regarding passing "End of Transmission" in the Eclipse console.
Contributing
Contributor code of conduct
However you choose to contribute, please abide by our
code of conduct to
keep our community a healthy and welcoming place.
Reporting a bug
- First make sure that it is really a bug and not simply the way that Closure
Compiler works (especially true for ADVANCED_OPTIMIZATIONS).
- If you still think you have found a bug, make sure someone hasn't already
reported it. See the list of
known issues.
- If it hasn't been reported yet, post a new issue. Make sure to add enough
detail so that the bug can be recreated. The smaller the reproduction code,
the better.
Suggesting a feature
- Consult the FAQ to
make sure that the behaviour you would like isn't specifically excluded
(such as string inlining).
- Make sure someone hasn't requested the same thing. See the list of
known issues.
- Read up on
what type of feature requests are accepted.
- Submit your request as an issue.
Submitting patches
- All contributors must sign a contributor license agreement (CLA). A CLA
basically says that you own the rights to any code you contribute, and that
you give us permission to use that code in Closure Compiler. You maintain
the copyright on that code. If you own all the rights to your code, you can
fill out an
individual CLA. If
your employer has any rights to your code, then they also need to fill out a
corporate CLA. If
you don't know if your employer has any rights to your code, you should ask
before signing anything. By default, anyone with an @google.com email
address already has a CLA signed for them.
- To make sure your changes are of the type that will be accepted, ask about
your patch on the
Closure Compiler Discuss Group
- Fork the repository.
- Make your changes. Check out our
coding conventions
for details on making sure your code is in correct style.
- Submit a pull request for your changes. A project developer will review your
work and then merge your request into the project.
Closure Compiler License
Copyright 2009 The Closure Compiler Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
Dependency Licenses
Rhino
| Code Path |
src/com/google/javascript/rhino, test/com/google/javascript/rhino
|
| URL |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Projects/Rhino |
| Version |
1.5R3, with heavy modifications |
| License |
Netscape Public License and MPL / GPL dual license |
| Description |
A partial copy of Mozilla Rhino. Mozilla Rhino is an
implementation of JavaScript for the JVM. The JavaScript parse tree data
structures were extracted and modified significantly for use by Google's
JavaScript compiler. |
| Local Modifications |
The packages have been renamespaced. All code not
relevant to the parse tree has been removed. A JsDoc parser and static typing
system have been added. |
Args4j
| URL |
http://args4j.kohsuke.org/ |
| Version |
2.33 |
| License |
MIT |
| Description |
args4j is a small Java class library that makes it easy to parse command line
options/arguments in your CUI application. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
Guava Libraries
| URL |
https://github.com/google/guava |
| Version |
31.0.1 |
| License |
Apache License 2.0 |
| Description |
Google's core Java libraries. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
JSR 305
| URL |
https://github.com/findbugsproject/findbugs |
| Version |
3.0.1 |
| License |
BSD License |
| Description |
Annotations for software defect detection. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
JUnit
| URL |
http://junit.org/junit4/ |
| Version |
4.13 |
| License |
Common Public License 1.0 |
| Description |
A framework for writing and running automated tests in Java. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
Protocol Buffers
| URL |
https://github.com/google/protobuf |
| Version |
3.0.2 |
| License |
New BSD License |
| Description |
Supporting libraries for protocol buffers,
an encoding of structured data. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
RE2/J
| URL |
https://github.com/google/re2j |
| Version |
1.3 |
| License |
New BSD License |
| Description |
Linear time regular expression matching in Java. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
Truth
| URL |
https://github.com/google/truth |
| Version |
1.1 |
| License |
Apache License 2.0 |
| Description |
Assertion/Proposition framework for Java unit tests |
| Local Modifications |
None |
Ant
| URL |
https://ant.apache.org/bindownload.cgi |
| Version |
1.10.11 |
| License |
Apache License 2.0 |
| Description |
Ant is a Java based build tool. In theory it is kind of like "make"
without make's wrinkles and with the full portability of pure java code. |
| Local Modifications |
None |
GSON
| URL |
https://github.com/google/gson |
| Version |
2.9.1 |
| License |
Apache license 2.0 |
| Description |
A Java library to convert JSON to Java objects and vice-versa |
| Local Modifications |
None |
Node.js Closure Compiler Externs
| Code Path |
contrib/nodejs |
| URL |
https://github.com/dcodeIO/node.js-closure-compiler-externs |
| Version |
e891b4fbcf5f466cc4307b0fa842a7d8163a073a |
| License |
Apache 2.0 license |
| Description |
Type contracts for NodeJS APIs |
| Local Modifications |
Substantial changes to make them compatible with NpmCommandLineRunner. |
一个让 JavaScript 下载和运行得更快的工具 —— 一个真正的 JavaScript 编译器:它把 JavaScript 编译成更好的 JavaScript,解析你的代码,删除无用代码,并对剩下的代码进行重写和压缩。