LLMSearchRecommender README

The project's README from github.com/alopatenko/LLMSearchRecommender. As one markdown file: README.md.

Awesome Generative AI in Search, Recommendation, Personalization

Generative AI and LLMs for Search, Recommender, Personalization Engines

The goal of this repository is to survey and review generative AI and LLM-based methods for building large-scale search and recommender engines. see also LLM Evaluation methods repository

Table of Content

🔍 LLM, Search & Recommender Engines

Chart of Search AI

📚 Foundations

Search Surveys — broad reviews of AI-driven search
Recommender Engine Surveys — reviews of LLM-powered recommendation methods
Conferences, Workshops — SIGIR, RecSys, KDD, WWW and other venues, top conferences for search and recommendation
- Industrial Conferences — Industrial events such as Haystack and Activate practitioner events
Tutorials — Tutorials
Software, Libraries, Frameworks — open-source deep research and AI search/recommender tools
Blog Posts, Whitepapers — industry write-ups from Netflix, Pinterest, Anthropic and other industrial blogs

🤖 Agentic & Conversational Search

Agentic Search — RL-trained agents and other agents for search
Heterogeneous & Enterprise Agentic Search — agents retrieving across enterprise metadata sources
FreshLLM & Similar Architectures — FreshLLM and similar approaches fresh LLM knowledge via search
Conversational Search — multi-turn dense retrieval and rewriting
Search Assistance — autocomplete, clarification, facets, and query suggestion
Multi-Turn — context carried across dialogue turns
Search as Task Solving — agents completing goal-driven web tasks

🎯 Core Capabilities

Personalization — user embeddings tailoring retrieval and recommendations
Multi-Modal — retrieval across images, video, documents
Multi-Lingual — cross-lingual retrieval and embedding alignment
Question Answering — domain QA in medicine, code, chemistry and other domains
Querying Structured Information — text-to-SQL and table understanding
Time-Aware Search — retrieval sensitive to temporal context
Document Understanding — vision-language parsing of documents

🧩 RAG & Retrieval

RAG — RAG
Knowledge Graphs & RAG, GraphRAG — combining graph structures with retrieval
Industrial Blog Articles — Airbnb, Amazon, Pinterest knowledge-graph engineering
Retrieval — dense retrievers scaled with LLM guidance
Hybrid Search vs Vector Search — combining keyword / bm25 and embedding retrieval

📊 Ranking & Embeddings

Ranking for Search — multi-objective, learning-to-rank at scale
Reranking — LLM-based listwise reranking of results
Classical Bi-Encoder & Cross-Encoder Ranking — BERT-era dense and interaction rankers
Query Understanding — expanding and rewriting search queries
Embedding Models — general-purpose text and multimodal embeddings
Evaluation — retrieval and ranking and search benchmarks
Optimization — compressing embeddings for efficient retrieval
Training — foundation-model approaches to embedding training
Fine-Tuning — adapting embeddings via distillation and contrastive learning

🧠 Response Generation & Deep Research

Response Generation & Presentation — grounded, citation-aware answer generation
Deep Research — long-horizon autonomous multi-step research agents
Prevention of Hallucinations in Deep Research — verification-centric agent design against fabrication
AI Scientists for Search — LLM agents discovering new ranking models

🎬 Recommender Systems

Recommender Engines — LLM-driven, industrial-scale recommendation architectures
Discovery — exploring novel user interests at scale
Recommender Rankers — LLMs as zero-shot item rankers
Sequential Recommendation — modeling user action sequences over time
Industrial Approaches — production search over complex documents
Unclassified — miscellaneous retrieval and routing methods

✅ Evaluation

Evaluation of Search Engines — LLM judges for search relevance
RAG & QA — benchmarks for retrieval-augmented answer quality
Deep Research — benchmarks for multi-step research agents
Agentic Search — benchmarks for autonomous browsing agents
Reasoning & RAG — reasoning-intensive retrieval benchmark datasets
QA Benchmarks — classic and modern question-answering datasets

🏢 Verticals

Product Search — e-commerce relevance and semantic retrieval
Location Aware (Maps, Real Estate, Local, Travel) — Airbnb's location ranking and retrieval systems
Ads / Advertisement — generative ad text and retrieval scaling
Real Estate — demand-balanced ranking for rental platforms
Healthcare — medical LLMs for clinical question answering
Science — LLM agents for academic paper search
Finance — (section currently empty)
Legal — conversational versus traditional legal case retrieval
Job — LLM-enhanced query understanding for job matching
Search Engine Optimization — adversarial manipulation of LLM search rankings
MRO — Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (Manufacturing) — knowledge graphs and RAG for industrial maintenance

Search Surveys

A Comprehensive Survey on Reinforcement Learning-based Agentic Search: Foundations, Roles, Optimizations, Evaluations, and Applications, Oct 2025, arxiv
A Survey on AI Search with Large Language Models, July 2025, preprints, not peer reviewed
A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrieval, Mar 2025, arxiv
A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Mar 2025, arxiv
From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrieval, Feb 2025, Journal Version, ACM Transaction on Information Systems, Feb 2025
Cross-Modal Retrieval: A Systematic Review of Methods and Future Directions, Jan 2025, IEEE
Improving Recommendation Systems & Search in the Age of LLMs by Eugene Neyan, Mar 2025, blog post
A Survey of Model Architectures in Information Retrieval, Jan 2025, arxiv
A Survey of Conversational Search, Oct 2024, arxiv
Large language models for generative information extraction: a survey, 2024, Front Comp Sci
From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrieval, Apr 2024, arxiv
Dense Text Retrieval Based on Pretrained Language Models: A Survey, Feb 2024, ACM
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey, 2023, simg
Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: A Survey, Aug 2023, arxiv

Recommender Engine Surveys

A comprehensive review of recommender systems: Transitioning from theory to practice, Feb 2026, Computer Science Review Feb 2026
A survey on sequential recommendation, Nov 2025, Frontiers of Computer Science 2025
A Comprehensive Review on Harnessing Large Language Models to Overcome Recommender System Challenges, Jul 2025, arxiv
A Comprehensive Survey on Cross-Domain Recommendation: Taxonomy, Progress, and Prospects, Mar 2025. arxiv
A Survey on LLM-powered Agents for Recommender Systems, Feb 2025, arxiv: RE: based on DeepSeek-R methods for training reasoning and interleaved LLMs calling search as a tool.
How Can Recommender Systems Benefit from Large Language Models: A Survey, ACM Transactions on Information Systems 2025
Graph Foundation Models for Recommendation: A Comprehensive Survey, Feb 2025, arxiv
Recommender Systems in the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs), TKDE Nov 2024 by subscription
Multimodal Pretraining, Adaptation, and Generation for Recommendation: A Survey, Jul 2024, arxiv
A Review of Modern Recommender Systems Using Generative Models (Gen-RecSys), KDD 2024 pdf
A Comprehensive Survey on Retrieval Methods in Recommender Systems, Jul 2024, arxiv
A Survey of Generative Search and Recommendation in the Era of Large Language Models, Apr 2024, arxiv
A survey on large language models for recommendation, WWW 2024 Springer
Towards Next-Generation LLM-based Recommender Systems: A Survey and Beyond, Oct 2024, arxiv
Exploring the Impact of Large Language Models on Recommender Systems: An Extensive Review, Feb 2024, arxiv
Pre-train, Prompt, and Recommendation: A Comprehensive Survey of Language Modeling Paradigm Adaptations in Recommender Systems , Dec 2023, MIT

Conferences, Workshops

Industrial conferences

Tutorials

Software, libraries, frameworks

HuggingFace Deep Research
Open Deep Research from LangChain
Open Deep Search by Sentian AI
RankLLM SIGIR 2025 article
Nvidia Merlin Recommender systems, including Transformer4Rec
OpenP5 RecSys23 tutorial
The smallest vector index in the world. RAG Everything with LEANN!

Agentic Search

also see Evaluation Agentic Search

Question's Gambit: The First Move Matters in Agentic Deep Search, Sep 2026, arxiv
Q2D-Web: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Retrieval in Agentic RAG Systems, Sep 2026, arxiv
Iris: Climbing to the Search Frontier, Sep 2026, arxiv
ITER: Interaction-Aware Retrieval for Agentic Search, Aug 2026, arxiv
Beyond Document Retrieval: Architectural Challenges When LLM Agents Query Structured Enterprise Data, Aug 2026, arxiv
Deep Agentic Search for Repository-Level Code Question Answering: An Empirical Study, Aug 2026, arxiv
S1-DeepResearch: Beyond Search, Toward Real-World Long-Horizon Research Agents, Jun 2026, arxiv
SoK: Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG): Taxonomy, Architectures, Evaluation, and Research Directions, Mar 2026, arxiv
AgentX: Towards Agent-Driven Self-Iteration of Industrial Recommender Systems, Jun 2025, arxiv
Inference-Time Budget Control for LLM Search Agents, May 2026, arxiv
Beyond Semantic Similarity: Rethinking Retrieval for Agentic Search via Direct Corpus Interaction, May 2026, arxiv
LongSeeker: Elastic Context Orchestration for Long-Horizon Search Agents, May 2026, arxiv
LatentRAG: Latent Reasoning and Retrieval for Efficient Agentic RAG, May 2026, arxiv
Superintelligent Retrieval Agent: The Next Frontier of Information Retrieval, May 2026, arxiv
Rethinking Recommendation Paradigms: From Pipelines to Agentic Recommender Systems, Apr 2026, arxiv
Agentic Search in the Wild: Intents and Trajectory Dynamics from 14M+ Real Search Requests, Jan 2026, arxiv
LRAS: Advanced Legal Reasoning with Agentic Search, Jan 2026, arxiv
Agentic-R: Learning to Retrieve for Agentic Search, Jan 2026, Baidu, arxiv
Can Small Agent Collaboration Beat a Single Big LLM?, Jan 2026, arxiv
Instructed Retriever: Unlocking System-Level Reasoning in Search Agents, Databricks, Jan 2026. databricks
Dr. Zero: Self-Evolving Search Agents without Training Data, Jan 2026, arxiv
A Systematic Framework for Enterprise Knowledge Retrieval: Leveraging LLM-Generated Metadata to Enhance RAG Systems, Dec 2025, arxiv
Laser: Governing Long-Horizon Agentic Search via Structured Protocol and Context Register, Dec 2025, arxiv
Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models, Nov 2025, arxiv
SafeSearch: Do Not Trade Safety for Utility in LLM Search Agents, Oct 2025, arxiv
A Comprehensive Survey on Reinforcement Learning-based Agentic Search: Foundations, Roles, Optimizations, Evaluations, and Applications, Oct 2025, arxiv
RE-Searcher: Robust Agentic Search with Goal-oriented Planning and Self-reflection, Oct 2025, arxiv
Towards Agentic Self-Learning LLMs in Search Environment, Oct 2025, arxiv
AceSearcher: Bootstrapping Reasoning and Search for LLMs via Reinforced Self-Play, Sep 2025, arxiv
DecoupleSearch: Decouple Planning and Search via Hierarchical Reward Modeling, Sep 2025, arxiv
Beyond Ten Turns: Unlocking Long-Horizon Agentic Search with Large-Scale Asynchronous RL, Aug 2025, arxiv
Towards AI Search Paradigm, Jun 2025, arxiv
Mind2Web 2: Evaluating Agentic Search with Agent-as-a-Judge, Jun 2025, arxiv
R-Search: Empowering LLM Reasoning with Search via Multi-Reward Reinforcement Learning, Jun 2025, arxiv
Mind2Web 2: Evaluating Agentic Search with Agent-as-a-Judge, Jun 2025, arxiv
MaskSearch: A Universal Pre-Training Framework to Enhance Agentic Search Capability, May 2025, arxiv
Iterative Self-Incentivization Empowers Large Language Models as Agentic Searchers, May 2025, arxiv
Open Deep Search: Democratizing Search with Open-source Reasoning Agents, Mar 2025, arxiv
Synergizing RAG and Reasoning: A Systematic Review, Apr 2025, arxiv
Retrieval Augmented Generation and Understanding in Vision: A Survey and New Outlook, Mar 2025, arxiv
A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrieval, Mar 2025, arxiv
Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models, Jan 2025, arxiv
Plan*RAG: Efficient Test-Time Planning for Retrieval Augmented Generation, Oct 2024, arxiv
Agentic Information Retrieval, Oct 2024, arxiv
MindSearch: Mimicking Human Minds Elicits Deep AI Searcher, Jul 2024, arxiv

Heterogeneous and Enterprise Agentic Search

Beyond Vector Similarity: Hierarchical Context-Aware Graph RAG vs Standard RAG in Enterprise Code Migration, Sep 2026, arxiv
SearchAtlas: Analyzing Agentic Search Strategies via Evidential Query Graphs, September 2026, arxiv
Agent-Enhanced Heterogeneous Graph RAG for Academic Question Answering, September 2026, arxiv
Benchmarking Hybrid Deep Research Across Database Querying and Web Search, September 2026, arxiv
Q2D-Web: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Retrieval in Agentic RAG Systems, September 2026, arxiv
VDGR-RAG: Vectors, Directories, Graphs, and Reflection Are All You Need for Unified Reasoning over Hierarchical Enterprise Knowledge, August 2026, arxiv
Introducing Agentic Search, Mistral AI, August 2026, Mistral
SCAIR: Schema-Conditioned Agentic Iterative Reasoning for Enterprise Knowledge Graphs, P July 2026, ACL Anthology
Unlocking Dependable Responses with Gemini Enterprise Agent Platform’s Agentic RAG, Google Research, June 2026, Google Research
AgenticRAG: Agentic Retrieval for Enterprise Knowledge Bases, Microsoft Research, May 2026, arxiv
Knowledge Graph RAG: Agentic Crawling and Graph Construction in Enterprise Documents, April 2026, arxiv

FreshLLM and similar architectures (LLM and large scale search)

The section should be rewritten, there are a lot of changes from FreshLLM time

Open Deep Search: Democratizing Search with Open-source Reasoning Agents, Mar 2025, arxiv
ZeroSearch: Incentivize the Search Capability of LLMs without Searching, Alibaba, May 2025, arxiv
ReSearch: Learning to Reason with Search for LLMs via Reinforcement Learning, Mar 2025, arxiv
Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learning, Mar 2025, arxiv
When Search Engine Services Meet Large Language Models: Visions and Challenges, Dec 2024, IEEE
Long-form factuality in large language models, Mar 2024, arxiv
When to Retrieve: Teaching LLMs to Utilize Information Retrieval Effectively, Apr 2024, arxiv
Enhancing Noise Robustness of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Adaptive Adversarial Training, May 2024, arxiv
FreshLLMs: Refreshing Large Language Models with Search Engine Augmentation, Oct 2023. arxiv
Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs, May 2023, arxiv
Interleaving Retrieval with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Knowledge-Intensive Multi-Step Questions, Dec 2022, arxiv

Conversational Search

Agentic Conversational Search with Contextualized Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning, Jan 2026, arxiv
CTR-Guided Generative Query Suggestion in Conversational Search, EMNLP 2025, ACL
A Survey of Conversational Search, Sep 2025, ACM
Learning Contextual Retrieval for Robust Conversational Search, EMNLP 2025, ACL
A Survey of Conversational Search, Oct 2024, arxiv
Engineering Conversational Search Systems: A Review of Applications, Architectures, and Functional Components, Jul 2024, arxiv
ChatRetriever: Adapting Large Language Models for Generalized and Robust Conversational Dense Retrieval, Apr 2024, arxiv
CoSearchAgent: A Lightweight Collaborative Search Agent with Large Language Models, Feb 2024, arxiv
Generalizing Conversational Dense Retrieval via LLM-Cognition Data Augmentation, Feb 2024, arxiv
History-Aware Conversational Dense Retrieval, Jan 24, arxiv
Large Language Models Know Your Contextual Search Intent: A Prompting Framework for Conversational Search, Findings of EMNLP 2023
Improving Conversational Passage Re-ranking with View Ensemble, SIGIR 23 Short paper
ConvGQR: Generative Query Reformulation for Conversational Search, May 2023, arxiv ACL 2023
Phrase Retrieval for Open-Domain Conversational Question Answering with Conversational Dependency Modeling via Contrastive Learning, arxiv Findings of ACL 2023
Curriculum Contrastive Context Denoising for Few-shot Conversational Dense Retrieval, SIGIR 2022
Open-Retrieval Conversational Question Answering, SIGIR 2020

Search Assistance

autocomplete/autosuggest and other search assistance tasks, search clarification, query recommendation and other techniques guiding users in search

Conversational Query Reformulation with the Guidance of Retrieved Documents, 2026, paper
From “People Also Ask” to Clarifying Questions for Conversational Search Using Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning and Prompt Engineering, Jun 2026, paper
Query Refinement in Dense Retrieval Using LLM-Driven Relevance Feedback, May 2026, paper
Generating Multi-Aspect Queries for Conversational Search, EACL 2026, ACL Anthology
Query-guided expansion and contraction of document sets, Feb 2026, paper
Query Suggestion for Retrieval-Augmented Generation via Dynamic In-Context Learning, Jan 2026, arxiv
SmartSearch: Process Reward-Guided Query Refinement for Search Agents, Jan 2026, arxiv
In-Browser Agents for Search Assistance, CHIIR 2026, Mar 2026, paper
OneSug: The Unified End-to-End Generative Framework for E-commerce Query Suggestion, AAAI 2026 AAAI 2026
LLM-based Search Assistant with Holistically Guided MCTS for Intricate Information Seeking, 2025, SIGIR 2025
Evaluating auto-complete ranking for diversity and relevance, ECIR 2025
Enhancing Discoverability in Enterprise Conversational Systems with Proactive Question Suggestions, Dec 2024, arxiv
DiAL: Diversity aware listwise ranking for query auto-complete, EMNLP 2024
Evaluation and Continual Improvement for an Enterprise AI Assistant, Jun 2024, arxiv
Generating Query Recommendations via LLMs, May 2024, arxiv
Towards Asking Clarification Questions for Information Seeking on Task-Oriented Dialogues, May 2023, axiv
Asking Clarification Questions to Handle Ambiguity in Open-Domain QA, May 2023, arxiv
Asking Clarifying Questions in Open-Domain Information-Seeking Conversations, SIGIR 2019

Multi Turn

Conversational Query Reformulation with the Guidance of Retrieved Documents, Jul 2026, paper
Improving Ad-hoc Search Effectiveness for Conversational Information Retrieval via Model Merging, SIGIR 2026, Jul 2026, arxiv
RECOR: Reasoning-focused Multi-turn Conversational Retrieval Benchmark, ACL 2026, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Agentic Conversational Search with Contextualized Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning, Jan 2026, arxiv
Beyond Whole Dialogue Modeling: Contextual Disentanglement for Conversational Recommendation, SIGIR 2025, arxiv
Proactive Guidance of Multi-Turn Conversation in Industrial Search, Baidu, May 2025, arxiv
LLMs Get Lost In Multi-Turn Conversation, May 2025, arxiv
Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Survey, Mar 2025, arxiv
Multi-Turn Multi-Modal Question Clarification for Enhanced Conversational Understanding, Feb 2025, arxiv
A Survey on Multi-Turn Interaction Capabilities of Large Language Models, Jan 2025, arxiv
MTRAG: A Multi-Turn Conversational Benchmark for Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems, Jan 2025, arxiv
CHIQ: Contextual History Enhancement for Improving Query Rewriting in Conversational Search, Jun 2024, arxiv
Generating Multi-turn Clarification for Web Information Seeking, WWW 2024
An Empirical Analysis on Multi-turn Conversational Recommender Systems, SIGIR 2024
Aligning Query Representation with Rewritten Query and Relevance Judgments in Conversational Search, CIKM 2024, CIML 2024
Large Language Models Know Your Contextual Search Intent: A Prompting Framework for Conversational Search, Oct 2023, arxiv
ConvGQR: Generative Query Reformulation for Conversational Search, Mar 2023, arxiv
Few-Shot Conversational Dense Retrieval, SIGIR 2021

Task Solving

Investigating Users' Search Behavior and Outcome with ChatGPT in Learning-oriented Search Tasks, SIGIR 2024
Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web, NeurIPS 2023

Personalization

Bridging Personalization and Control in Scientific Personalized Search, SIGIR 2025, arxiv
User-LLM: Efficient LLM Contextualization with User Embeddings, WWW 2025, ACM
A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agent, apr 2025, arxiv
Can Large Language Models Understand Preferences in Personalized Recommendation?, Jan 2025, arxiv
Unified Embedding Based Personalized Retrieval in Etsy Search, Sep 2024, arxiv
IntentRec: Predicting User Session Intent with Hierarchical Multi-Task Learning, Jul 2024 Netflix, arxiv
LLM-based Medical Assistant Personalization with Short- and Long-Term Memory Coordination, NAACL 2024

Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation, Jul 2026, ACL
TEMA: Anchor the Image, Follow the Text for Multi-Modification Composed Image Retrieval, Jul 2026, ACL
VisRet: Visualization Improves Knowledge-Intensive Text-to-Image Retrieval, Jul 2026, ACL
Zero-Shot Multimodal Retrieval with Multi-Scale Contextual Representations, Jul 2026, ACL
Progressive Multimodal Search and Reasoning for Knowledge-Intensive Visual Question Answering, Jul 2026, ACL
DORA: A Dual-Objective Reinforcement Learning Framework for Effective and Efficient Multimodal Agentic Search, Jul 2026, ACL
MMSearch-R1: Incentivizing LMMs to Search, Jul 2026, ACL
Region-R1: Reinforcing Query-Side Region Cropping for Multi-Modal Re-Ranking, Jul 2026, ACL
MiMIC: Mitigating Visual Modality Collapse in Universal Multimodal Retrieval While Avoiding Semantic Misalignment, Jul 2026, ACL Findings
Towards Long-horizon Agentic Multimodal Search, Apr 2026, arxiv
VSearcher: Long-Horizon Multimodal Search Agent via Reinforcement Learning, Mar 2026, arxiv
Scaling Beyond Context: A Survey of Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Document Understanding, Jul 2026, ACL
RAG-VisualRec: An Open Resource for Vision- and Text-Enhanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Recommendation, Mar 2026, ACM
Hybrid-Vector Retrieval for Visually Rich Documents: Combining Single-Vector Efficiency and Multi-Vector Accuracy, Oct 2025, arxiv
MMMORRF: Multimodal Multilingual Modularized Reciprocal Rank Fusion, May 2025, SIGIR 2025, arxiv
Cross-Modal Retrieval: A Systematic Review of Methods and Future Directions, Jan 2025, IEEE https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10843094?casa_token=oXnLMUJ8EaoAAAAA:bLPPXHI2Sypz5wdjPLTZG965RDQ0jbp6lwbfKi2U3n70i3RWqwBUjHRmxriYp5H2InizkfA40sRs
RAMQA: A Unified Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Multi-Modal Question Answering, Jan 2025, arxiv
EA-VTR: Event-Aware Video-Text Retrieval, ECCV 2024, ECCV 2024
ColPali: Efficient Document Retrieval with Vision Language Models, Jun 2024, arxiv useful practical info vespa blog
UrbanCross: Enhancing Satellite Image-Text Retrieval with Cross-Domain Adaptation, MM 2024
Generative Cross-Modal Retrieval: Memorizing Images in Multimodal Language Models for Retrieval and Beyond, Feb 2024, arxiv
Listen, Think, and Understand, OpenAQA dataset, May 2023, arxiv
Clotho-AQA: A Crowdsourced Dataset for Audio Question Answering, Apr 2022, arxiv

Multi Lingual

Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) and other technique to make search engines multi lingual Also, see several multi lingual benchmarks and multi lingual embedding models in the other parts of this survey

Evaluating Large Language Models for Cross-Lingual Retrieval, Sep 2025, arxiv
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Embedding Models and LLMs for IR and QA Across English and Italian, May 2025, Advances in Natural Language Processing and Text Mining May 2025
The Cross-Lingual Cost: Retrieval Biases in RAG over Arabic-English Corpora, Jul 2025, arxiv
XRAG: Cross-lingual Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Amazon, Heidelberg, May 2025, arxiv
CLIRudit: Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval of Scientific Documents, Apr 2025, arxiv
Transforming LLMs into Cross-modal and Cross-lingual Retrieval Systems, apr 2024, Google, DeepMind, UoE, arxiv
Cl2cm: Improving cross-lingual cross-modal retrieval via cross-lingual knowledge transfer, Alibaba, AAAI 2024, AAAI
Multimodal LLM Enhanced Cross-lingual Cross-modal Retrieval, MM 2024
Cross-Lingual Cross-Modal Retrieval With Noise-Robust Fine-Tuning, IEEE 2024

Question Answering

CoReQA: Uncovering Potentials of Language Models in Code Repository Question Answering, Jan 2025, arxiv
Unveiling the power of language models in chemical research question answering, Jan 2025, Nature
Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models, Jan 2025, Nature
LLM-MedQA: Enhancing Medical Question Answering through Case Studies in Large Language Models, Jan 2025, arxiv
Harnessing Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Question Answering via Adaptive Multi-Aspect Retrieval-Augmentation, Jan 2025, arxiv
Assessing The Potential Of Mid-Sized Language Models For Clinical QA, apr 2024, arxiv
Listen, Think, and Understand, OpenAQA dataset, May 2023, arxiv
Clotho-AQA: A Crowdsourced Dataset for Audio Question Answering, Apr 2022, arxiv

Querying Structured Information

A Survey on Employing Large Language Models for Text-to-SQL Tasks, May 2025, ACM Computing Surveys
Querying Databases with Function Calling, Jan 2025, arxiv
Large language model for table processing: a survey, Jan 2025, Frontiers of Computer Science
A Survey of Text-to-SQL in the Era of LLMs: Where are we, and where are we going?, Aug 2024, arxiv
Next-Generation Database Interfaces: A Survey of LLM-based Text-to-SQL, Jun 2024, arxiv

RAG

Predict the Retrieval! Test time adaptation for Retrieval Augmented Generation, Jan 2026, arxiv
How We Built a Semantic Highlight Model To Save Token Cost for RAG, Jan 2026, HuggingFace
InfoGain-RAG: Boosting Retrieval-Augmented Generation through Document Information Gain-based Reranking and Filtering, Nov 2025, EMNLP 2025
Each to Their Own: Exploring the Optimal Embedding in RAG, Jul 2025, arxiv
Synergizing RAG and Reasoning: A Systematic Review, Apr 2025, arxiv
A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Mar 2025, arxiv
Sufficient Context: A New Lens on Retrieval Augmented Generation Systems, Google Research, ICLR 2025, Google Research
Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey on Agentic RAG, Jan 2025, arxiv
In Defense of RAG in the Era of Long-Context Language Models, Sep 2024, arxiv
RAFT: Adapting Language Model to Domain Specific RAG, Jul 2024, open review
RAGAs: Automated Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation, EACL Demo 2024
Can Long-Context Language Models Subsume Retrieval, RAG, SQL, and More?, Jun 2024, arxiv
RAG-Star: Enhancing Deliberative Reasoning with Retrieval Augmented Verification and Refinement, Dec 2024, arxiv
A Survey on Retrieval-Augmented Text Generation for Large Language Models, Apr 2024, arxiv
RQ-RAG: Learning to Refine Queries for Retrieval Augmented Generation, Mar 2024, arxiv

Knowledge Graphs and RAG

Is GraphRAG Needed? From Basic RAG to Graph-/Agentic Solutions with Context Optimization, Jun 2026, arxiv
Millions of GeAR-s: Extending GraphRAG to Millions of Documents, jul 2025, arxiv
When to use Graphs in RAG: A Comprehensive Analysis for Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Jun 2025, [arxiv(https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.05690)
GraphRAG-R1: Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Process-Constrained Reinforcement Learning, Jul 2025, arxiv
When to use Graphs in RAG: A Comprehensive Analysis for Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Jun 2025, arxiv
RAG vs. GraphRAG: A Systematic Evaluation and Key Insights, Feb 2025, arxiv
A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models, Jan 2025, arxiv
Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Graphs (GraphRAG), Dec 2024, arxiv

Industrial blog articles

We use MongoDB as a graph database to discover deep connections between disparate documents using an LLM’s inherent power to work with structured data, mongodb
AutoKnow: self-driving knowledge collection for products of thousands of types, Amazon 2020, Amazon Science
Algolia's Knowledge graphs and ontologies — Adding knowledge to keyword search. algolia
Building Airbnb Categories with ML and Human-in-the-Loop, airbnb
Scaling Knowledge Access and Retrieval at Airbnb, airbnb
Contextualizing Airbnb by Building Knowledge Graph, airbnb
ebay's Explainable Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs for Recommendation, ebay
amazon's https://innovation.ebayinc.com/stories/explainable-reasoning-over-knowledge-graphs-for-recommendation, amazon
Interest Taxonomy: A knowledge graph management system for content understanding at Pinterest, pinterest
walmart Retail Graph — Walmart’s Product Knowledge Graph, walmart
Food Discovery with Uber Eats: Using Graph Learning to Power Recommendations, uber

Retrieval

Connected Content Retriever: Dense Graph Edge Features Powering Pre-Ranking at LinkedIn, Sep 2026, arxiv
Guiding the coarse levels of semantic IDs makes the fine levels learnable, Sep 2026, arxiv
Can Language Models Actually Retrieve In-Context? Drowning in Documents at Million Token Scale, Jul 2026, arxiv
Scaling Laws for Embedding Dimension in Information Retrieval, Feb 2026, arxiv
Agentic-R: Learning to Retrieve for Agentic Search, Jan 2026, Baidu, arxiv
ExpandR: Teaching Dense Retrievers Beyond Queries with LLM Guidance, Nov 2025, EMNLP 2025
CoEvo: Coevolution of LLM and Retrieval Model for Domain-Specific Information Retrieval, Nov 2025, ACL, 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Large Scale Retrieval for the LinkedIn Feed using Causal Language Models, Oct 2025, arxiv
DRAMA: Diverse Augmentation from Large Language Models to Smaller Dense Retrievers, Meta, univ of Waterloo, Feb 2025, arxiv
CAME: Competitively Learning a Mixture-of-Experts Model for First-stage Retrieval, Jan 2025, ACM
On the Robustness of Generative Information Retrieval Models: An Out-of-Distribution Perspective, Jan 2025, link
Fine-Tuning LLaMA for Multi-Stage Text Retrieval, Oct 2023, arxiv
How Does Generative Retrieval Scale to Millions of Passages?, Google Research, May 2023 arxiv
How to Make Cross Encoder a Good Teacher for Efficient Image-Text Retrieval?, July 2024, arxiv

Ranking for Search

and Recommendations

Adaptive Re-Ranking, Jun 2026, arxiv
Joint Optimization of Relevance and Engagement in Multi-Task Ranking for E-Commerce with Efficient LLM Supervision, May 2026, arxiv
Kunlun: Establishing Scaling Laws for Massive-Scale Recommendation Systems through Unified Architecture Design, Meta, Ranking architecture of Meta Ads, Feb 2026, arxiv
DeepMTL2R: A Library for Deep Multi-task Learning to Rank, Feb 2026, Amazon. arxiv
Deep Learning to Rank in Industrial Search Engines, Recommender Systems and Online Advertising: An Overview and New Perspectives, ACM, Review, Jan 2026, ACM
Multi-Objective Recommendation in the Era of Generative AI: A Survey of Recent Progress and Future Prospects, Jun 2025, arxiv
RankElectra: Semi-supervised Pre-training of Learning-to-Rank Electra for Web-scale Search, KDD 2025, ACM
Language Model Re-rankers are Fooled by Lexical Similarities, Fact Extraction and VERification Workshop FEVER, Jul 2025, ACL
MA4DIV: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Search Result Diversification, WWW 2025, ACM
MMMORRF: Multimodal Multilingual Modularized Reciprocal Rank Fusion, May 2025, SIGIR 2025, arxiv
A Generative Re-ranking Model for List-level Multi-objective Optimization at Taobao, May 2025, arxiv
Rank-K: Test-Time Reasoning for Listwise Reranking, May 2025, arxiv
HIT Model: A Hierarchical Interaction-Enhanced Two-Tower Model for Pre-Ranking Systems, Tencent, May 2025, arxiv
InteractRank: Personalized Web-Scale Search Pre-Ranking with Cross Interaction Features, PInterest, April 2025, arxiv
Multi-objective contextual bandits in recommendation systems for smart tourism, Apr 2025, Nature
Graph-Based Re-ranking: Emerging Techniques, Limitations, and Opportunities, Mar 2025, arxiv
Cross-Encoder Rediscovers a Semantic Variant of BM25, Feb 2025, arxiv
Orbit: A framework for designing and evaluating multi-objective rankers, ACM conf on intelligence user interfaces 2025
Beyond Matryoshka: Revisiting Sparse Coding for Adaptive Representation, Mar 2025, arxiv
DISKCO: Disentangling knowledge from cross-encoder to bi-encoder, WWW 2024
Adaptive Neural Ranking Framework: Toward Maximized Business Goal for Cascade Ranking Systems, WWW 2024
Multi-objective Learning to Rank by Model Distillation, AirBnB, July 2024, [arxiv](Multi-objective Learning to Rank by Model Distillation)
RankTower: A Synergistic Framework for Enhancing Two-Tower Pre-Ranking Model, Jul 2024, arxiv
Bi-CAT: Improving robustness of LLM-based text rankers to conditional distribution shifts, Amazon Science, WWW 2024 workshop
Fine-Tuning LLaMA for Multi-Stage Text Retrieval, SIGIR 2024
Unbiased Learning to Rank Meets Reality: Lessons from Baidu's Large-Scale Search Dataset, Apr 2024, arxiv
RankZephyr: Effective and Robust Zero-Shot Listwise Reranking is a Breeze!, Dec 2023
Improving Training Stability for Multitask Ranking Models in Recommender Systems, Google Research, Feb 2023, arxiv
Multi-Objective Ranking to Boost Navigational Suggestions in eCommerce AutoComplete, WWW 2023
Multi-objective relevance ranking via constrained optimization, Amazon Science, 2020, amazon
Multi-objective ranking optimization for product search using stochastic label aggregation Amazon Science 2020, amazon science

Classical bi-encoder and cross encoder ranking,

bert based ranking, hybrid encoder based ranking

ColBERT-Zero: To Pre-train Or Not To Pre-train ColBERT models, Feb 2026, arxiv
A Thorough Comparison of Cross-Encoders and LLMs for Reranking SPLADE, Mar 2024
Rankt5: Fine-tuning t5 for text ranking with ranking losses, 2023, SIGIR 2023
ColBERTv2: Effective and Efficient Retrieval via Lightweight Late Interaction, 2022, arxiv
Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking: BERT and Beyond, 2021, ACM
Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answering, 2021, arxiv
ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT, 2020, arxiv
Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering, 2020, arxiv
Understanding the Behaviors of BERT in Ranking, 2019, arxiv
Passage Re-ranking with BERT, 2019, arxiv

Reranking

Revisiting Text Ranking in Deep Research, SIGIR 2026, Jul 2026, arxiv
Very Efficient Listwise Multimodal Reranking for Long Documents, May 2026, arxiv
ResRank: Unifying Retrieval and Listwise Reranking via End-to-End Joint Training with Residual Passage Compression, Apr 2026, arxiv
EviRerank: Adaptive Evidence Construction for Long-Document LLM Reranking, Jun 2026, arxiv
Reproducing Adaptive Reranking for Reasoning-Intensive IR, SIGIR 2026, Jul 2026, paper
APR: Adaptive Personalised Reranking for Conversational Search, SIGIR 2026, Jul 2026, paper
uva-irlab-conv at SemEval-2026 Task 8: Multi-Turn RAG with Learned Sparse Retrieval and Listwise Reranking, Jun 2026, arxiv
Rich-Media Re-Ranker: A User Satisfaction-Driven LLM Re-ranking Framework for Rich-Media Search, Baidu, Feb 2026, arxiv
LANCER: LLM Reranking for Nugget Coverage, Jan 2026, arxiv
Re-Rankers as Relevance Judges, Jan 2026, arxiv
RankLLM: A Python Package for Reranking with LLMs, SIGIR 2025, ACM
Accelerating Listwise Reranking: Reproducing and Enhancing FIRST, SIGIR 2025, ACM
Supervised Fine-Tuning or Contrastive Learning? Towards Better Multimodal LLM Reranking, Oct 2025, arxiv
Distillation versus Contrastive Learning: How to Train Your Rerankers, Jul 2025, arxiv
Rank-K: Test-Time Reasoning for Listwise Reranking, May 2025, arxiv
Rank1: Test-Time Compute for Reranking in Information Retrieval, Feb 2025, arxiv

Query Understanding

Scaling Intent Understanding: A Framework for Classification with Clarification using Lightweight LLMs, Mar 2026, EACL
What Makes a Good Query? Measuring the Impact of Human-Confusing Linguistic Features on LLM Performance, Mar 2026, EACL
Generating Multi-Aspect Queries for Conversational Search, Mar 2026, EACL
QueStER: Query Specification for Generative Keyword-Based Retrieval, Mar 2026, EACL
Beyond the limitation of a single query: Train your LLM for query expansion with Reinforcement Learning, NVidia Oct 2025, arxiv
ParallelSearch: Train your LLMs to Decompose Query and Search Sub-queries in Parallel with Reinforcement Learning, NVidia, Aug 2025, arxiv
Powering Job Search at Scale: LLM-Enhanced Query Understanding in Job Matching Systems, Aug 2025, Linkedin, arxiv
Query Attribute Modeling: Improving search relevance with Semantic Search and Meta Data Filtering, Aug 2025, arxiv
Aligned Query Expansion: Efficient Query Expansion for Information Retrieval through LLM Alignment, Jul 2025, arxiv
Hypothetical Documents or Knowledge Leakage? Rethinking LLM-based Query Expansion, Apr 2025, arxiv
Unleashing the Power of LLMs in Dense Retrieval with Query Likelihood Modeling. Apr 2025, arxiv
LLM-Based Query Expansion with Gaussian Kernel Semantic Enhancement for Dense Retrieval, Mar 2025, mdpi
LLM-QE: Improving Query Expansion by Aligning Large Language Models with Ranking Preferences, Feb 2025, arxiv
Two Heads Are Better Than One: Improving Search Effectiveness Through LLM-Generated Query Variants, 2025, RMIT University
Large Language Model based Long-tail Query Rewriting in Taobao Search, WWW 2024
Near-duplicate question detection, WWW 2024
Hierarchical query classification in e-commerce search, WWW 2024
Query Understanding in the Age of Large Language Models, Jun 2023, arxiv
Decomposing Complex Queries for Tip-of-the-tongue Retrieval, May 2023, arxiv
ConvGQR: Generative Query Reformulation for Conversational Search, May 2023, arxiv
Query Rewriting in Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models, EMNLP 2023
Query2doc: Query Expansion with Large Language Models, Mar 2023, arxiv
Few-Shot Generative Conversational Query Rewriting, SIGIR 2020

Time Aware Search

TimelyRAG: Semantic-Temporal Hybrid Retrieval for Time-Critical Question Answering in Overlapping-Evolving Documents, Sep 2026, arxiv
Temporal Evidence Chain for Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering with Large Language Models, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
TDR²A: Time-sensitive decomposition-retrieval-reorganization agent for temporal knowledge graph question answering, Jun 2026, ScienceDirect
Temporal-spatial reasoning over hypergraph knowledge structures for multimodal retrieval-augmented generation, Aug 2026, Scientific Reports
SAR: A Structure-Aligned Reasoning Framework for Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering, Mar 2026, AAAI
Time-Aware Complex Question Answering over Temporal Knowledge Graph, Jan 2026, ScienceDirect
TempQA: An LLM-based framework for temporal knowledge graph question answering, Jan 2026, ScienceDirect
It's High Time: A Survey of Temporal Question Answering, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
MTRM: Multi-Granularity Trend-Aware Retrieval and Modeling for Temporal Knowledge Graph Extrapolation, Jul 2026, IEEE
Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering via Sub-Question Decomposition and Cross-Checking, Aug 2026, IOS Press
Right Answer at the Right Time - Temporal Retrieval-Augmented Generation via Graph Summarization, Oct 2025, arxiv
It's High Time: A Survey of Temporal Question Answering, Aug 2025, arxiv
TimeR4 : Time-aware Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models for Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering, Nov 2024, ACL EMNLP 2024
Time-Sensitve Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Question Answering, Ot 2024, Semantic Scholar

Embedding models

UEmbed: Unified Sparse and Dense Multimodal Embeddings, Aug 2026, arxiv
DREAM: Dense Retrieval Embeddings via Autoregressive Modeling, Jun 2026, arxiv
BitNet Text Embeddings, Jun 2026, arxiv
Text Embeddings Inference, from Hugging Face inference layer for embeddings, Feb 2026 (hugging face)(https://github.com/huggingface/text-embeddings-inference)
jina-embeddings-v5-text: Task-Targeted Embedding Distillation, Feb 2026 arxiv, jina-embeddings-v5-text: New SOTA Small Multilingual Embeddings, blog post feb 2026
What Actually Makes Embedding Model Inference Fast?, Jan 2026, blog post
Tarka Embedding V1, blog post
EmbeddingGemma: Powerful and Lightweight Text Representations, Nov 2025, SOA open weight embedding model from Google, 300M paramers, arxiv
CSMF: Cascaded Selective Mask Fine-Tuning for Multi-Objective Embedding-Based Retrieval, Apr 2025, arxiv
Granite Embedding Models (multi-lingual embedding models from IBM), Feb 2025 arxiv
mmE5: Improving Multimodal Multilingual Embeddings via High-quality Synthetic Data, Feb 2025, arxiv
Arctic-Embed 2.0: Multilingual Retrieval Without Compromise, Dec 2024, arxiv
SFR-Embedding from Salesforce in Salesforce blog Oct 2024
jina-embeddings-v3: Multilingual Embeddings With Task LoRA, Sep 2024, arxiv
BGE-en-ICL, BGE-ICL embedding model, Making Text Embedders Few-Shot Learners, Sep 2024, arxiv
OmniSearchSage: Multi-Task Multi-Entity Embeddings for Pinterest Search, Apr 2024, arxiv
Multilingual E5 Text Embeddings: A Technical Report, Feb 2024, arxiv
NV-Embed: Improved Techniques for Training LLMs as Generalist Embedding Models, May 2024, from Nvidia arxiv
BGE M3-Embedding: Multi-Lingual, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation, Feb 2024, arxiv
E5-Mistral embeddings from Microsoft in Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models Dec 2023

Embedding models evaluation

Evaluating Large Language Models for Cross-Lingual Retrieval, Sep 2025, arxiv
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Embedding Models and LLMs for IR and QA Across English and Italian, May 2025, Advances in Natural Language Processing and Text Mining May 2025
The Bitter Lesson Learned from 2,000+ Multilingual Benchmarks, Apr 2025, arxiv
MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark, Feb 2025, arxiv
Beyond Benchmarks: Evaluating Embedding Model Similarity for Retrieval Augmented Generation Systems, jul 2024, arxiv
MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark Oct 2022 [arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316 Leaderboard) Leaderboard
Marqo embedding benchmark for eCommerce at Huggingface, text to image and category to image tasks
The Scandinavian Embedding Benchmarks: Comprehensive Assessment of Multilingual and Monolingual Text Embedding, openreview pdf
MMTEB: Community driven extension to MTEB repository
Chinese MTEB C-MTEB repository
French MTEB repository

Optimization of embedding models

The Future is Sparse: Embedding Compression for Scalable Retrieval in Recommender Systems, May 2025, arxiv
A Universal Framework for Compressing Embeddings in CTR Prediction, Feb 2025. arxiv

Embedding training

KaLM-Embedding-V2: Superior Training Techniques and Data Inspire A Versatile Embedding Model, Jun 2025, arxiv
Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Models, Jun 2025, arxiv
CSMF: Cascaded Selective Mask Fine-Tuning for Multi-Objective Embedding-Based Retrieval, Apr 2025, arxiv

Finetuning embedding models

Resource-Efficient Adaptation of Large Language Models for Text Embeddings via Prompt Engineering and Contrastive Fine-tuning, July 2025, arxiv
Conventional Contrastive Learning Often Falls Short: Improving Dense Retrieval with Cross-Encoder Listwise Distillation and Synthetic Data, May 2025, arxiv
Pre-training vs. Fine-tuning: A Reproducibility Study on Dense Retrieval Knowledge Acquisition, May 2025, arxiv
DRAMA: Diverse Augmentation from Large Language Models to Smaller Dense Retrievers, Feb 2025, arxiv
Teaching Dense Retrieval Models to Specialize with Listwise Distillation and LLM Data Augmentation, Feb 2025, arxiv
REFINE on Scarce Data: Retrieval Enhancement through Fine-Tuning via Model Fusion of Embedding Models, Oct 2024, arxiv

Document understanding

Query-aware index pruning for retrieval under budget constraints, Amazon, Should be document or text in the inddex, Sep 2026, Amazon science
LongDA: Benchmarking LLM Agents for Long-Document Data Analysis, Jan 2026, arxiv
Small Language Models for Phishing Website Detection: Cost, Performance, and Privacy Trade-Offs, Nov 2025, arxiv
SmolDocling: An ultra-compact vision-language model for end-to-end multi-modal document conversion, Mar 2025, arxiv
Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report, see, 3.3.2 Document Understanding and OCR at Feb 2025 arxiv
ColPali: Efficient Document Retrieval with Vision Language Models, Jun 2024, arxiv

Response Generation

Improving Generative Ad Text on Facebook using Reinforcement Learning, Jul 2025, arxiv
Neural headline generation: A comprehensive survey, Mar 2025, Neurocomputing
Cite Before You Speak: Enhancing Context-Response Grounding in E-commerce Conversational LLM-Agents, Mar 2025, arxiv
Beyond Relevant Documents: A Knowledge-Intensive Approach for Query-Focused Summarization using Large Language Models, Aug 2024, arxiv

Deep Research

and Deep Search Also see Evaluation Deep Research

Question's Gambit: The First Move Matters in Agentic Deep Search, Sep 2026, arxiv
BioMedArena: An Open-source Toolkit for Building and Evaluating Biomedical Deep Research Agents, May 2026, arxiv
DRACULA: Hunting for the Actions Users Want Deep Research Agents to Execute, Apr 2026, AllenAI, University of Maryland, arxiv
Dont Stop Early: Scalable Enterprise Deep Research with Controlled Information Flow and Evidence-Aware Termination, Apr 2026, Salesfore AI, arxiv
Self-Optimizing Multi-Agent Systems for Deep Research. Apr 2026, arxiv
LiteResearcher: A Scalable Agentic RL Training Framework for Deep Research Agent, Apr 2026, arxiv
MiroThinker-1.7 & H1: Towards Heavy-Duty Research Agents via Verification, Mar 2026, arxiv
Marco DeepResearch: Unlocking Efficient Deep Research Agents via Verification-Centric Design, Mar 2026, arxiv
AgentIR: Reasoning-Aware Retrieval for Deep Research Agents, Mar 2026, arxiv
SAGE: Benchmarking and Improving Retrieval for Deep Research Agents, Feb 2026, arxiv
How to Train Your Deep Research Agent? Prompt, Reward, and Policy Optimization in Search-R1, Feb 2026. arxiv
W&D:Scaling Parallel Tool Calling for Efficient Deep Research Agents, Feb 2026, arxiv
MMDeepResearch-Bench: A Benchmark for Multimodal Deep Research Agents, Jan 2026, arxiv
Vision-DeepResearch: Incentivizing DeepResearch Capability in Multimodal Large Language Models, Jan 2026, arxiv
SAGE: Steerable Agentic Data Generation for Deep Search with Execution Feedback, Jan 2026, arxiv
DeepEra: A Deep Evidence Reranking Agent for Scientific Retrieval-Augmented Generated Question Answering, Jan 2026, arxiv
RESEARCHRUBRICS: A Benchmark of Prompts and Rubrics For Evaluating Deep Research Agents, Nov 2025, arxiv
DeepPlanner: Scaling Planning Capability for Deep Research Agents via Advantage Shaping, Oct 2025, arxiv
Enterprise Deep Research: Steerable Multi-Agent Deep Research for Enterprise Analytics, Oct 2025, arxiv
A Survey of Scientific Large Language Models: From Data Foundations to Agent Frontiers, Oct 2025, arxiv
DeepDive: Advancing Deep Search Agents with Knowledge Graphs and Multi-Turn RL, Sep 2025, arxiv
GraphSearch: An Agentic Deep Searching Workflow for Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Sep 2025, arxiv
WebWatcher: Breaking New Frontier of Vision-Language Deep Research Agent, Sep 2025, arxiv
Open Data Synthesis For Deep Research, Aug 2025, arxiv
A Survey of LLM-based Deep Search Agents: Paradigm, Optimization, Evaluation, and Challenges, Aug 2025, arxiv
A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Research: Systems, Methodologies, and Applications, jun 2025, arxiv
DeepResearch Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Deep Research Agents, jun 2025, arxiv
ManuSearch: Democratizing Deep Search in Large Language Models with a Transparent and Open Multi-Agent Framework, May 2025, arxiv
SimpleDeepSearcher: Deep Information Seeking via Web-Powered Reasoning Trajectory Synthesis, May 2025, arxiv
WebThinker: Empowering Large Reasoning Models with Deep Research Capability, Apr 2025, arxiv
DeepResearcher: Scaling Deep Research via Reinforcement Learning in Real-world Environments, Apr 2025, arxiv
The AI Scientist-v2: Workshop-Level Automated Scientific Discovery via Agentic Tree Search, Apr 2025, arxiv @DeepResearch
Towards Scientific Intelligence: A Survey of LLM-based Scientific Agents, Mar 2025, arxiv
Agentic Reasoning: A Streamlined Framework for Enhancing LLM Reasoning with Agentic Tools, Feb 2025, arxiv

Prevention of hallucinations in Deep Research

DeepTRACE: Auditing Deep Research AI Systems for Tracking Reliability Across Citations and Evidence, ICLR 2026, ICLR 2026
DeepFact: Co-Evolving Benchmarks and Agents for Deep Research Factuality, ACL 2026, ACL 2026
Beyond Single-shot Writing: Deep Research Agents are Unreliable at Multi-turn Report Revision, ACL 2026, ACL 2026
Inference-Time Scaling of Verification: Self-Evolving Deep Research Agents via Test-Time Rubric-Guided Verification, ACL 2026, ACL 2026
Chaining the Evidence: Robust Reinforcement Learning for Deep Search Agents with Citation-Aware Rubric Rewards, ACL 2026, ACL 2026
DRNOISE: Benchmarking Deep Research Agents in Misleading Evidence Environments, Jul 2026, arxiv
Detecting and Correcting Reference Hallucinations in Commercial LLMs and Deep Research Agents, Apr 2026, arxiv
DeepResearch Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Deep Research Agents, Jun 2025, arXiv
Removal of Hallucination on Hallucination: Debate-Augmented RAG, May 2025, arXiv
DeepResearcher: Scaling Deep Research via Reinforcement Learning in Real-world Environments, Apr 2025, arXiv
Monitoring Decoding: Mitigating Hallucination via Evaluating the Factuality of Partial Response during Generation, Mar 2025, arXiv
FACTCHECKMATE: Preemptively Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations in LMs, Nov 2025, ACL

Hybrid search vs vector search

Modernizing Facebook Scoped Search: Keyword and Embedding Hybrid Retrieval with LLM Evaluation, Sep 2025, arxiv
Efficient Knowledge Graph Construction and Retrieval from Unstructured Text for Large-Scale RAG Systems, Jul 2025, SAP, arxiv
Deep Retrieval at CheckThat! 2025: Identifying Scientific Papers from Implicit Social Media Mentions via Hybrid Retrieval and Re-Ranking, May 2025, arxiv
Domain-specific Question Answering with Hybrid Search, Dec 2024, arxiv
COS-Mix: Cosine Similarity and Distance Fusion for Improved Information Retrieval, Jun 2024, arxiv
Sparse Meets Dense: A Hybrid Approach to Enhance Scientific Document Retrieval, Jan 2024, arxiv
Azure AI Search: Outperforming vector search with hybrid retrieval and reranking, Jan 2024, Azure tech blog
Hybrid Hierarchical Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering, Jul 2023, ACL 2023

Recommender Engines

TODO to classify

Beyond Raw Engagement: A Counterfactual Observability Framework for Recommender Systems at Netflix, Sep 2026, arxiv
Inherit4Rec: Parameter Inheritance for Efficient Scaling of Recommendation Models, Sep 2026, arxiv
MuSeR: Scalable Long-sequence Recommendation with Multi-interest Modeling, Sep 2026, arxiv
Explainable Recommendations at Scale: LLM Rationales for YouTube Music Artist Discovery, Sep 2026, arxiv
What Makes a Good Semantic ID for Generative Recommendation? A Reproducibility Study, Sep 2026, arxiv
RecGPT: A User Intent-Centric Next-Generation LLM-Powered Recommender System in Industrial Practice, Aug 2026, ACM Transactions on Information Systems
Who Are We Recommending To? Recommender Systems in the Agentic Web, Jul 2026, arxiv
OneLoc: Geo-Aware Generative Recommender Systems for Local Life Service, Feb 2026, WSDM 2026
Rethinking Recommendation Paradigms: From Pipelines to Agentic Recommender Systems, Apr 2026, arxiv
Rank-GRPO: Training LLM-based Conversational Recommender Systems with Reinforcement Learning, Oct 2025, arxiv
Rethinking Group Recommender Systems in the Era of Generative AI: From One-Shot Recommendations to Agentic Group Decision Support, Jul 2025, arxiv
RecGPT: LLM-Driven Intent-Centric Recommender Systems at Industrial Scale, Technical Report,Jul 2025, Alibaba, arxiv
EAGER-LLM: Enhancing Large Language Models as Recommenders through Exogenous Behavior-Semantic Integration, Feb 2025, arxiv
360Brew: A Decoder-only Foundation Model for Personalized Ranking and Recommendation, Jan 2025, arxiv
Sparse Meets Dense: Unified Generative Recommendations with Cascaded Sparse-Dense Representations, Baidu, Mar 2025, arxiv
Personalised outfit recommendation via history-aware transformers, Amazon Science, WSDM 2025
Representation Learning with Large Language Models for Recommendation, [WWW 2024](WWW 2024)
Llmrec: Large language models with graph augmentation for recommendation, WSDM 2024
Improved Estimation of Ranks for Learning Item Recommenders with Negative Sampling, Google CIKM 2024
Recommendation as Instruction Following: A Large Language Model Empowered Recommendation Approach, May 2023, arxiv
Towards Open-World Recommendation with Knowledge Augmentation from Large Language Models, RecSys 2024
Data-efficient Fine-tuning for LLM-based Recommendation, SIGIR 2024
LLMRec: Large Language Models with Graph Augmentation for Recommendation, WSDM 2024
DiffKG: Knowledge Graph Diffusion Model for Recommendation, WSDM 2024
Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation, Mar 2024 arxiv BLAIR paper
Actions Speak Louder than Words: Trillion-Parameter Sequential Transducers for Generative Recommendations, Feb 2024, arxiv
Trinity: Syncretizing Multi-/Long-tail/Long-term Interests All in One, BydeDance , Feb 2024, arxiv
Tapping the Potential of Large Language Models as Recommender Systems: A Comprehensive Framework and Empirical Analysis, Jan 2024 arxiv
Leveraging Large Language Models for Sequential Recommendation, RecSys 2023
Text Is All You Need: Learning Language Representations for Sequential Recommendation, May 2023, arxiv
On the Factory Floor: ML Engineering for Industrial-Scale Ads Recommendation Models, Sep 2022, arxiv
Recommendation as Language Processing (RLP): A Unified Pretrain, Personalized Prompt & Predict Paradigm (P5), Mar 2022, arxiv
Augmenting Netflix Search with In-Session Adapted Recommendations, RecSys 2022
Sampling-Bias-Corrected Neural Modeling for Large Corpus Item Recommendations, Google RecSys 2019

Sequential Recommendation

Unsupervised Graph Embeddings for Session-based Recommendation with Item Features, Feb 2025, arxiv
TagRec: Temporal-Aware Graph Contrastive Learning with Theoretical Augmentation for Sequential Recommendation, IEEE KDE 2025, IEEE KDE
LLMCDSR: Enhancing Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation with Large Language Models, Large Language Models Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation, ACM Transaction on Information Systems 2025
Plug-In Diffusion Model for Sequential Recommendation, AAAI AI 2024
Actions Speak Louder than Words: Trillion-Parameter Sequential Transducers for Generative Recommendations, Feb 2024, arxiv
EAGER: Two-Stream Generative Recommender with Behavior-Semantic Collaboration, (EAGER, a two-strEAm GEnerative Recommender ) KDD 2024, KDD 2024 arxiv
Mamba4Rec: Towards Efficient Sequential Recommendation with Selective State Space Models, Mar 2024, arxiv
Leveraging Large Language Models for Sequential Recommendation, RecSys 2023
Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval, (Transformer Index for GEnerative Recommenders TIGER) NeurIPS 2023, NeurIPS 2023
Efficient On-Device Session-Based Recommendation, ACM Transaction on Information Systems 2023
XLNet4Rec: Recommendations Based on Users' Long-Term and Short-Term Interests Using Transformer, ICMLA 2023
How to Index Item IDs for Recommendation Foundation Models, P5, SIGIR 2023, SIGIR 2023
Text Is All You Need: Learning Language Representations for Sequential Recommendation, May 2023, arxiv
Multi-Behavior Sequential Transformer Recommender, SIGIR 2024, arxiv
Recommendation as Language Processing (RLP): A Unified Pretrain, Personalized Prompt & Predict Paradigm (P5), RecSys 2022
Transformers4Rec: Bridging the Gap between NLP and Sequential / Session-Based Recommendation, RecSys 2021
BERT4Rec: Sequential Recommendation with Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer, CIKM 2019, CIKM 2019
Self-Attentive Sequential Recommendation, (SAS4REC), 2018, IEEE Explore
Session-based Recommendations with Recurrent Neural Networks, (GRU4EC) 2015, arxiv

Discovery

LLMs for User Interest Exploration in Large-scale Recommendation Systems, Generative AI and Recommender Systems Workshop at KDD 2024, work by Google, pdf

Unclassified

methods (unclassified. TODO classify). methods used in search engines

Translational Generative Retrieval via Potential Query Generation, ICASSP 2025
RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data, Jun 2024, arxiv
INTERS: Unlocking the Power of Large Language Models in Search with Instruction Tuning, Jan 2024, arxiv
A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models, Jan 2024, arxiv
Zero-shot Document Retrieval with Hybrid Pseudo-document Retriever, ICASSP 2025
Recommendation as Instruction Following: A Large Language Model Empowered Recommendation Approach, Dec 2024, ACM
Representation Learning with Large Language Models for Recommendation, WWW 2024

Recommender Rankers

Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Rankers for Recommender Systems, Mar 2024, LLMRank, Springer

Industrial approaches

ZeroEntropy 🔎 - Advanced AI Search Over Complex Documents launch doc

Evaluation of Search engines

Q2D-Web: Evaluating First-Stage Retrievers at Scale, Sep 2026, Perplexity, blog post
WildSEEK: Evaluating Language Models for Information-Seeking, Aug 2026, Stanford, IT University of Copenhagen etc arxiv
As It Was: Aligning LLM Search Evaluation with Historical User Preferences, SIGIR 2026, Jul 2026, arxiv
BrowseComp-Plus: A Fair and Disentangled Evaluation Benchmark for Deep Search Agents, Jul 2026, ACL 2026
Rethinking Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval: Evaluating and Advancing Retrievers in Agentic Search Systems, Jul 2026, ACL 2026
AgentSearchBench: A Benchmark for AI Agent Search in the Wild, Apr 2026, arxiv
Agentic Search in the Wild: Intents and Trajectory Dynamics from 14M+ Real Search Requests, SIGIR 2026
WideSearch: Benchmarking Agentic Broad Info-Seeking, project page, Apr 2026, project page at github arxiv
Evaluating the Search Agent in a Parallel World, Mar 2026, arxiv
DRBench: A Realistic Benchmark for Enterprise Deep Research, ICLR 2026, ICLR 2026
SGR-Bench: Benchmarking Search Agents on State-Gated Retrieval, May 2026, arxiv
Cited but Not Verified: Parsing and Evaluating Source Attribution in LLM Deep Research Agents, May 2026, source verification, arxiv
AgentIR: Reasoning-Aware Retrieval for Deep Research Agents, Mar 2026, arxiv
SAGE: Benchmarking and Improving Retrieval for Deep Research Agents, Feb 2026, arxiv
CLUE: Using Large Language Models for Judging Document Usefulness in Web Search Evaluation, CIKM 2025
Harnessing the Power of Interleaving and Counterfactual Evaluation for Airbnb Search Ranking, Aug 2025, arxiv
Mind2Web 2: Evaluating Agentic Search with Agent-as-a-Judge, Jun 2025, arxiv
Search Arena & What We’re Learning About Human Preference, blog post of LMArena
Mind2Web 2: Evaluating Agentic Search with Agent-as-a-Judge, Jun 2025, arxiv
LLM-Driven Usefulness Judgment for Web Search Evaluation, Apr 2025, arxiv
FreshStack: Building Realistic Benchmarks for Evaluating Retrieval on Technical Documents, Apr 2025, arxiv
Rankers, Judges, and Assistants: Towards Understanding the Interplay of LLMs in Information Retrieval Evaluation, DeepMind, Mar 2025, arxiv
LLM-Assisted Relevance Assessments: When Should We Ask LLMs for Help?, Jan 2025, arxiv
AI Search Has A Citation Problem, Mar 2025, CJR Columbia Journalism Review
Large Language Models for Relevance Judgment in Product Search, Jul 2024, arxiv
STaRK: Benchmarking LLM Retrieval on Textual and Relational Knowledge Bases, Apr 2024, arxiv
Report on the 1st Workshop on Large Language Model for Evaluation in Information Retrieval (LLM4Eval 2024) at SIGIR 2024, SIGIR

Evaluation of RAG

and Question Answering and knowledge assistants and information seeking LLM based systems

RAGtifier: Evaluating RAG Generation Approaches of State-of-the-Art RAG Systems for the SIGIR LiveRAG Competition, Jun 2025, arxiv
MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark, Feb 2025, hugging face, leaderboard Brief: 1043 languages in total, primarily in Bitext mining (text pairing), but also 255 in classification, 209 in clustering, and 142 in Retrieval., 550 tasks, anything from sentiment analysis, question-answering reranking, to long-document retrieval. 17 domains, like legal, religious, programming, web, social, medical, blog, academic, etc. Across this collection of tasks, we subdivide into a lot of separate benchmarks, like MTEB(eng, v2), MTEB(Multilingual, v1), MTEB(Law, v1). Our new MTEB(eng, v2) is much smaller and faster than the original English MTEB, making submissions much cheaper and simpler. from Tom Aarsen's linkedin
MTRAG: A Multi-Turn Conversational Benchmark for Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems, Jan 2025, arxiv
RAD-Bench: Evaluating Large Language Models Capabilities in Retrieval Augmented Dialogues, Sep 2024, arrxiv
IRSC: A Zero-shot Evaluation Benchmark for Information Retrieval through Semantic Comprehension in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Scenarios, Sep 2024, arxiv
Evaluating Retrieval Quality in Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Apr 2024, arxiv
Evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey, May 2024, arxiv
RAGAS: Automated Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation Jul 23, arxiv
ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems Nov 23, arxiv
TREC iKAT 2023: A Test Collection for Evaluating Conversational and Interactive Knowledge Assistants, SIGIR 2024
MultiHop-RAG: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Multi-Hop Queries, Jan 2024, arxiv
FaithDial: A Faithful Benchmark for Information-Seeking Dialogue , Dec 2022, MIT Press
Open-Retrieval Conversational Question Answering, SIGIR 2020
XOR QA: Cross-lingual Open-Retrieval Question Answering, Oct 2020, arxiv

Evaluation Deep Research

DeepFact: Co-Evolving Benchmarks and Agents for Deep Research Factuality, Mar 2026, arxiv
DeepResearch-9K: A Challenging Benchmark Dataset of Deep-Research Agent, Mar 2026, arxiv
Deep Research Arena: The First Exam of LLMs’ Research Abilities via Seminar-Grounded Tasks, Mar 2026, AAAI
InnovatorBench: Evaluating Agents’ Ability to Conduct Innovative LLM Research, Oct 2025 arxiv
Deep Research Agents: Major Breakthrough or Incremental Progress for Medical AI?, Mar 2026, JMIR
DeepScholar-Bench: A Live Benchmark and Automated Evaluation for Generative Research Synthesis, Aug 2025, arxiv
BrowseComp-Plus: A More Fair and Transparent Evaluation Benchmark of Deep-Research Agent, Aug 2025, arxiv
DeepResearch Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Deep Research Agents, Jun 2025, arxiv
DeepResearchGym: A Free, Transparent, and Reproducible Evaluation Sandbox for Deep Research, May 2025, arxiv
AstaBench (from AllenAI), Benchmark at Guthub
FieldWorkArena: Agentic AI Benchmark for Real Field Work Tasks, May 2025, arxiv
GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistants, Nov 2023, arxiv

Evaluation Agentic Search

SearchAtlas: Analyzing Agentic Search Strategies via Evidential Query Graphs, Sep 2026, arxivv
CIVI: A Framework for Diagnosing Search Agent Failures in Civic Information, Sep 2026, arxiv
A Comprehensive Survey on Reinforcement Learning-based Agentic Search: Foundations, Roles, Optimizations, Evaluations, and Applications, Oct 2025, arxiv
WideSearch: Benchmarking Agentic Broad Info-Seeking, Aug 2025, arxiv
BrowseComp-Plus: A More Fair and Transparent Evaluation Benchmark of Deep-Research Agent, Aug 2025, arxiv
Mind2Web 2: Evaluating Agentic Search with Agent-as-a-Judge, Jun 2025, arxiv
DeepShop: A Benchmark for Deep Research Shopping Agents, Jun 2025, arxiv
Agent-X: Evaluating Deep Multimodal Reasoning in Vision-Centric Agentic Tasks, May 2025, arxiv
InfoDeepDeek emergntmind
WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents, Apr 2024, arxiv
AgentBoard: An Analytical Evaluation Board of Multi-turn LLM Agents, Dec 2024, arxiv

Evaluation Reasoning and RAG

R2MED: A Benchmark for Reasoning-Driven Medical Retrieval, May 2025, arxiv
GraphRAG-Bench: Challenging Domain-Specific Reasoning for Evaluating Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Jun 2025, arxiv
MR2-BENCH: GOING BEYOND MATCHING TO REA-SONING IN MULTIMODAL RETRIEVAL, Sep 2025, arxiv
BRIGHT: A Realistic and Challenging Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval, Jul 2024, arxiv

QA Benchmarks

QA is used in many vertical domains, see Vertical section bellow

SuperGPQA: Scaling LLM Evaluation across 285 Graduate Disciplines, Mar 2025, arxiv
CoReQA: Uncovering Potentials of Language Models in Code Repository Question Answering, Jan 2025, arxiv
Unveiling the power of language models in chemical research question answering, Jan 2025, Nature, communication chemistry ScholarChemQA Dataset
Search Engines in an AI Era: The False Promise of Factual and Verifiable Source-Cited Responses, Oct 2024, Salesforce, arxiv Answer Engine (RAG) Evaluation Repository
HELMET: How to Evaluate Long-Context Language Models Effectively and Thoroughly, Oct 2024, arxiv
Introducing SimpleQA, OpenAI, Oct 2024 OpenAI
NovelQA: A Benchmark for Long-Range Novel Question Answering, Mar 2024, arxiv
NovelQA: Benchmarking Question Answering on Documents Exceeding 200K Tokens, Mar 2024, arxiv
Are Large Language Models Consistent over Value-laden Questions?, Jul 2024, arxiv
LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understanding, Aug 2023, arxiv
L-Eval: Instituting Standardized Evaluation for Long Context Language Models, Jul 2023. arxiv
A Dataset of Information-Seeking Questions and Answers Anchored in Research Papers, QASPER, May 2021, arxiv
MultiDoc2Dial: Modeling Dialogues Grounded in Multiple Documents, EMNLP 2021, ACL
CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledge, Jun 2019, ACL
Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering, Sep 2018, arxiv OpenBookQA dataset at AllenAI
Jin, Di, et al. "What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams., 2020, arxiv MedQA
Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge, 2018, arxiv ARC Easy dataset ARC dataset
BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions, 2019, arxiv BoolQ dataset
BookQA: Stories of Challenges and Opportunities, Oct 2019, arxiv
HellaSwag, HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence? 2019, arxiv Paper + code + dataset https://rowanzellers.com/hellaswag/
PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in Natural Language, Nov 2019, arxiv PIQA dataset
Crowdsourcing Multiple Choice Science Questions arxiv SciQ dataset
The NarrativeQA Reading Comprehension Challenge, Dec 2017, arxiv dataset at deepmind
WinoGrande: An Adversarial Winograd Schema Challenge at Scale, 2017, arxiv Winogrande dataset
TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoods, Sep 2021, arxiv
TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages, 2020, arxiv data
Natural Questions: A Benchmark for Question Answering Research, Transactions ACL 2019

AI Scientists for Search

AI Co-Scientist for Ranking: Discovering Novel Search Ranking Models alongside LLM-based AI Agents with Cloud Computing Access, Mar 2026, arxiv

Blog posts, whitepapers

Increase web search accuracy and efficiency with dynamic filtering, Feb 2026, Anthropic blog
Pinterest Feb 2026 Serving two tower models using GPU -- Beyond 2 tower model for ranking -- Re-designing ads serving systems -- Non-engagement signals -- Offsite content understanding
Perplexity, firmly Build Merchant Network to Power GenAI Commerce, Mar 2025, press release
Adobe Analytics: Traffic to U.S. retail websites from Generative AI sources jumps 1,200 percent, Mar 2025, adobe
Foundation Model for Personalized Recommendation by Netflix, Mar 2025, Netflix blog
Improving Recommendation Systems & Search in the Age of LLMs by Eugene Neyan, Mar 2025, blog post
A Coding Implementation to Build a Conversational Research Assistant with FAISS, Langchain, Pypdf, and TinyLlama-1.1B-Chat-v1.0, Mar 2025, marktechpost
Investigating ChatGPT Search: Insights from 80 Million Clickstream Records, Feb 2025, SemRush blog
Query Expansion with LLMs: Searching Better by Saying More, Feb 2025, Jina ai
Transformers in music recommendation, Google on how transformers are used for music recommendation at youtube, google research blog
Scaling the Instagram Explore Recommendations Systems, Meta 08 2023
PDF Retrieval with Vision Language Models, about ColPali and using it for document search from Vespa
Evaluating search relevance part 2 - Phi-3 as relevance judge, a series of articles from ElasticSearch, practical experience on using Phi-3 llm family for relevance evaluation elasticsearch

Verticals

Product Search

Beyond Relevance: Structured Semantic Supervision for Product Search with LLM-Augmented Annotations, Sep 2026, arxiv
Agentic Share-of-Search: A Multi-Agent AI System for Competitive Decision-Making in LLM-Mediated E-Commerce, Sep 2026, arxiv
From Clicks to Clips: A Multimodal Retrieval System for E-Commerce Video Recommendations, Sep 2026, Springer
ShopSimulator: Evaluating and Exploring RL-Driven LLM Agent for Shopping Assistants, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
AFMRL: Attribute-Enhanced Fine-Grained Multi-Modal Representation Learning in E-commerce, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Enhancing Multimodal Product Retrieval in E-Commerce by Reversing Typographic Attacks, Jun 2026, PMLR
Semantic Retrieval for Product Search in E-Commerce, May 2026, arxiv
SHOPPER: Semantic, Historical, Order-aware, and Product-conditioned Pooling for E-commerce Recommendation, 2026, AdKDD
ARCHER: Shooting Straight in Multimodal E-Commerce Search at Alibaba with Progressive Alignment, Apr 2026, ACM WWW 2026
Hierarchical Agentic RAG Framework for Intelligent Product Discovery in Distributed E-Commerce Microservices Using MCP and Dynamic Context-Aware Vector Intelligence, Jun 2026, IJCTT
Generative Retrieval and Alignment Model: A New Paradigm for E-commerce Retrieval, apr 2025, arxiv
Personalised outfit recommendation via history-aware transformers, Amazon Science, WSDM 2025
Cite Before You Speak: Enhancing Context-Response Grounding in E-commerce Conversational LLM-Agents, Mar 2025, arxiv
Automated Query-Product Relevance Labeling using Large Language Models for E-commerce Search, Feb 2025, arxiv
Behavior Modeling Space Reconstruction for E-Commerce Search, Jan 2025, arxiv
Enhancing Relevance of Embedding-based Retrieval at Walmart, Oct 2024, CIKM 2024
Towards translating objective product attributes into customer language, Amazon Science
Manipulating Large Language Models to Increase Product Visibility, Sep 2024, arxiv
Hierarchical query classification in e-commerce search, WWW 2024
An interpretable ensemble of graph and language models for improving search relevance in e-commerce, WWW 2024
Web-Scale Semantic Product Search with Large Language Models, May 2023, KDDM 2023
Web-scale semantic product search with large language models, Amazon Science, PAKDD 2023
Behavior-driven query similarity prediction based on pre-trained language models for e-commerce search, Amazon Science, SIGIR 2023 eCommerce workshop
Rethinking E-Commerce Search, Instacart, 2023, arxiv
Overview of the TREC 2023 Product Product Search Track, TREC 2023

Location Aware (Maps, real estate, local. travel)

Spatial-RAG: Spatial Retrieval Augmented Generation for Real-World Geospatial Reasoning Questions, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Reasoning Over Space: Enabling Geographic Reasoning for LLM-Based Generative Next POI Recommendation, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
CompassLLM: A Multi-Agent Approach toward Geo-Spatial Reasoning for Popular Path Query, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
MFC4POI: Multi-factor collaboration for next point-of-interest recommendation using large language models, Nov 2026, ScienceDirect
Graph-Enhanced Large Language Models for Spatial Search, Jun 2026, arxiv
Revisiting General Map Search via Generative Point-of-Interest Retrieval, May 2026, arxiv
GeoAgentic-RAG: A Multi-Agent framework for autonomous geospatial reasoning and visual insight generation with LLM, 2026, ScienceDirect
Intelligent Multimodal Retrieval and Reasoning for Geospatial Knowledge Discovery on the I-GUIDE Platform, Jun 2026, arxiv
Towards language-based retrieval of complex geospatial data: A case study on UK National geographic database, 2026, ScienceDirect
RALLM-POI: Retrieval-Augmented LLM for Zero-Shot Next POI Recommendation with Geographical Reranking, Apr 2026, Springer
Spatial RAG for Big Data-Driven urban itinerary recommendation, 2026, CNR
TraveLLaMA: A Multimodal Travel Assistant with Large-Scale Dataset and Structured Reasoning, Mar 2026, AAAI
Whose hotel does the AI recommend? An algorithm audit of reputation signals in LLM-assisted hotel selection, Jun 2026, arxiv
Risk-Aware LLM Agents for Geospatial Data Retrieval: Design and Preliminary Adversarial Evaluation, Aug 2026, ISPRS Archives
Learning to Rank for Maps at Airbnb, KDD 2024
Transforming Location Retrieval at Airbnb: A Journey from Heuristics to Reinforcement Learning, CIKM 2024
Optimizing Airbnb Search Journey with Multi-task Learning SIGKDD 2023
Learning To Rank Diversely At Airbnb, CIKM 2023
Improving Deep Learning for Airbnb Search, KDD 2020
Real-time Personalization using Embeddings for Search Ranking at Airbnb, KDD 2018

Ads / advertisement

Improving Generative Ad Text on Facebook using Reinforcement Learning, Jul 2025, arxiv
TeamCMU at Touché: Adversarial Co-Evolution for Advertisement Integration and Detection in Conversational Search, Jul 2025, arxiv
Set-based state estimation of nonlinear discrete-time systems using constrained zonotopes and polyhedral relaxations, Mar 2025, arxiv
Semantic Ads Retrieval at Walmart eCommerce with Language Models Progressively Trained on Multiple Knowledge Domains, Mar 2025, arxiv
Applying Deep Learning to Ads Conversion Prediction in Last Mile Delivery Marketplace, Feb 2025, DoorDash, arxiv
Scaling Laws for Online Advertisement Retrieval, Nov 2024, arxiv

Real estate

Beyond Relevance: A Demand Balancer Model for Rental Platforms with Single-Unit Inventory, WSDM 2025

Healthcare

MedExpQA: Multilingual benchmarking of Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering, Sep 2024, AI in Medicine
Better to Ask in English: Cross-Lingual Evaluation of Large Language Models for Healthcare Queries, WWW 2024
JMLR: Joint Medical LLM and Retrieval Training for Enhancing Reasoning and Professional Question Answering Capability, Jun 2024, arxiv
BioMistral: A Collection of Open-Source Pretrained Large Language Models for Medical Domains, Feb 2024, arxiv
DISC-MedLLM: Bridging General Large Language Models and Real-World Medical Consultation, Aug 2023, arxiv
Clinical Camel: An Open Expert-Level Medical Language Model with Dialogue-Based Knowledge Encoding, May 2023, arxiv
MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Data, Apr 2023, arxiv

Science

Reimagining research papers as interactive and reliable AI agents, Sep 2026, Nature
IntrAgent: An LLM Agent for Content-Grounded Information Retrieval through Literature Review, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
SciExplore: Evaluating Autonomous Agents from Scientific Navigation to Information Integration, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Paper Circle: An Open-source Multi-agent Research Discovery and Analysis Framework, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Agentic-R: Learning to Retrieve for Agentic Search, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
A multi-agent system for automating scientific discovery, May 2026, Nature
Accelerating scientific discovery with Co-Scientist, May 2026, Nature
An AI system to help scientists write expert-level empirical software, May 2026, Nature
MAKES-QA: A multi-agent framework for knowledge graph construction and enrichment over scientific literature for question answering, Jul 2026, ScienceDirect
Empowering biomedical evidence exploration and synthesis with deep knowledge graph research, Jul 2026, Nature Machine Intelligence
Bridging data and discovery: a survey on knowledge graphs in AI for science, Mar 2026, National Science Review
Synthesizing scientific literature with retrieval-augmented language models, Feb 2026, Nature
Towards end-to-end automation of AI research, 2026, Nature
Adaptive Mining of Scientific Knowledge Graphs via Reinforcement Learning, 2026, ScienceDirect
Mapping scholarly knowledge: A systematic review of Knowledge Graphs for academic papers, 2026, ScienceDirect
A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Search Agents, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
PaSa: An LLM Agent for Comprehensive Academic Paper Search, Jan 2025, arxiv

Finance

FinSight: Towards Real-World Financial Deep Research, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
FinCARDS: Card-Based Analyst Reranking for Financial Document Question Answering, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
FinMRAGBench: A Realistic and Complex Benchmark for Multi-Modal RAG in Financial Document Analysis, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
FinSearchComp: Towards a Realistic, Expert-Level Evaluation of Financial Search and Reasoning, Apr 2026, ICLR
MimirRAG: A Multi-Agent RAG Framework for Financial Data Retrieval with Metadata Integration, May 2026, arxiv
Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Financial Document Question Answering, May 2026, arxiv
Measuring and Closing the Retrieval Gap in Financial Question Answering, May 2026, PMLR
An Auditable LLM-RAG Architecture for Financial Document Intelligence and Decision Support, May 2026, MDPI
A Chinese financial event knowledge graph-based retrieval-augmented generation framework for financial question answering, Jul 2026, ScienceDirect
HybridRAG-Finance: Agent-Guided Information Summarization with Vector and Graph Retrieval for Financial Documents, Jun 2026, SSRN
AgenticRAG: Agentic Retrieval for Enterprise Knowledge Bases, May 2026, Microsoft Research
Sustainable Hybrid Document-Routed Retrieval for financial RAG: Resolving the robustness-precision trade-off, Dec 2026, ScienceDirect

Legal

Legalyze: An Open-Source Structure-Aware Agentic RAG Platform for High-Precision Legal Intelligence, Sep 2026, Wiley
Agentic RAG for Legal Question Answering in Civil Law: Evidence From the Korean Bar Examination, Aug 2026, IEEE
LegalGraphRAG: Multi-Agent Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Reliable Legal Reasoning, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
LLM Agents in Law: Taxonomy, Applications, and Challenges, Jul 2026, ACL Anthology
Leverage Knowledge Graph and Large Language Model for law article recommendation: A case study of Chinese criminal law, Apr 2026, ScienceDirect
LEXA: Legal case retrieval via graph contrastive learning with contextualised LLM embeddings, Mar 2026, Springer
Legal-DC: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Legal Documents, Mar 2026, arxiv
Legal RAG Bench: an end-to-end benchmark for legal RAG, Mar 2026, arxiv
Benchmarking Legal RAG: The Promise and Limits of AI Statutory Surveys, Feb 2026, arxiv
Automated data synthesis and retrieval-augmented generation for legal large language models, Jul 2026, ScienceDirect
Conversational vs Traditional: Comparing Search Behavior and Outcome in Legal Case Retrieval, SIGIR 21 short paper

Search Engine Optimization

Search Engine Optimization, adversial

Dynamics of Adversarial Attacks on Large Language Model-Based Search Engines, Jan 2025, arxiv
Adversarial Search Engine Optimization for Large Language Models, Jul 2024, arxiv
Stealthy Attack on Large Language Model based Recommendation, Feb 2024, arxiv

Job

Powering Job Search at Scale: LLM-Enhanced Query Understanding in Job Matching Systems, Aug 2025, Linkedin, arxiv

Maintenance, Repair, Manufacturing

Beyond Maintenance Manual Multimodal RAG: Suggesting What Tool, Sep 2026, arxiv
Agentic AI for maintenance management: a process-centric review and a staged framework for industrial adoption, Oct 2026, ScienceDirect
Reducing Technician Search Burden: A Multimodal RAG for Cessna 172 Maintenance Manual, Aug 2026, arxiv
A Multi-Agent and synergistic Knowledge Graph retrieval-augmented generation framework for intelligent maintenance, Apr 2026, ScienceDirect
Automating Information Extraction and Retrieval for Industrial Spare Parts Pooling, Jun 2026, arxiv
A topological-graph and regulation-constrained retrieval-augmented generation method for refinery and petrochemical pipeline maintenance plan generation, 2026, ScienceDirect
Hierarchical multi-agent reinforcement learning for retrieval-augmented industrial document question answering, Mar 2026, Nature
Retrieval-augmented generation enhanced LLM for industrial anomaly detection, May 2026, Springer
A collaborative approach based on large language model and knowledge graphs for information integration towards smart manufacturing, 2026, ScienceDirect
Large language models in manufacturing: a comprehensive review, Jul 2026, Springer
Cache-augmented multimodal generative AI for energy-aware predictive maintenance, Aug 2026, ScienceDirect
Automated Structuring and Analysis of Unstructured Equipment Maintenance Text Data in Manufacturing Using Generative AI Models, Feb 2026, MDPI
Generative AI in Manufacturing and Industrial Contexts: A Systematic Review of Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions, Aug 2026, MDPI
A Compliance-Preserving Retrieval System for Aircraft MRO Task Search, Nov 2025, arxiv
Bridging Industrial Expertise and XR with LLM-Powered Conversational Agents, Apr 2025, arxiv
Prescriptive Agents based on RAG for Automated Maintenance (PARAM), Jul 2025, arxiv
Enhancing Manufacturing Knowledge Access with LLMs and Context-aware Prompting, Jul 2025, arxiv
MetalMind: A knowledge graph-driven human-centric knowledge system for metal additive manufacturing, Jun 2025, Nature NPJ Advanced manufacturing
Optimizing Aerospace Product Maintenance A Novel Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph and LLM Approach for Enhanced Decision Support, Jul 2024, ESWC conference

OLD TOC

LLM and Search and Recommender Engines

Searching Database…

124 ·GitHub

LLMSearchRecommender

这是什么？

一份精心整理的汇编，收录关于使用生成式 AI 和大语言模型构建搜索引擎、推荐系统、个性化引擎和问答系统的研究论文、综述和行业工程实践。

这是一个单一列表，还是按主题组织的索引？

它是一个结构化、按主题组织的索引：README 分为若干主要章节，例如 Agentic & Conversational Search、RAG & Retrieval、Ranking & Embeddings、Recommender Systems、Evaluation 和行业垂直领域，每一节都指向论文、综述、教程和博客文章。

这个列表是怎么组织的？我应该从哪里开始？

从目录开始：Foundations 章节提供宽泛的综述和会议指引，然后跳进任何符合你兴趣的应用章节（Agentic Search、RAG & Retrieval、Ranking & Embeddings 或 Recommender Systems），再到 Evaluation 查看相关基准测试。

所有章节的内容都一样充实吗？

不是。大多数章节都密密麻麻收录了到 2026 年的带日期条目，但有少数垂直领域被明确标记为不完整，例如 Finance（金融）章节。

这份汇编是给谁看的？

面向构建或研究基于大语言模型的搜索、推荐、个性化和问答系统的研究人员和工程师，他们希望有一张涵盖综述、论文、会议和行业文章的统一地图。

有没有配套的大语言模型评估方法仓库？

有，README 指向一个单独的“LLM Evaluation methods”仓库，专门提供给需要评估技术而非搜索或推荐系统方法的读者。

它包含行业文章，还是只有学术论文？

两者都有：除了 arxiv 论文和综述之外，它还链接 Netflix、Pinterest、Airbnb、Amazon 和 Anthropic 等公司的行业博客文章和白皮书。

它覆盖哪些行业垂直领域？

它有专门的子章节覆盖产品搜索、地图/房地产/旅行、广告、医疗、科学、金融、法律、求职、SEO，以及 MRO（维护、维修、大修）。

这个列表也追踪即将召开的会议吗？

是的，它列出了 SIGIR、RecSys、KDD、WWW、Haystack 和 ElasticON 等学术和工业界会议及研讨会，包括排期到 2026 年的场次。

What are similar projects?

txtai, WeKnora, LightRAG, FlagEmbedding, MSA, production-agentic-rag-course, weaviate, awesome-nlp

Which topics is it in?

recommender-system, reranking, recommendation-system, information-retrieval, question-answering, graphrag, bm25, deep-research, arxiv, search-engine, retrieval-augmented-generation, papers

Creator: alopatenko
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