LLMSurvey README

The project's README from github.com/RUCAIBox/LLMSurvey. As one markdown file: README.md.

LLMSurvey

A collection of papers and resources related to Large Language Models.

The organization of papers refers to our survey "A Survey of Large Language Models". Paper page

Please let us know if you find out a mistake or have any suggestions by e-mail: [email protected]

(we suggest ccing another email [email protected] meanwhile, in case of any unsuccessful delivery issue.)

If you find our survey useful for your research, please cite the following paper:

@article{LLMSurvey,
    title={A Survey of Large Language Models},
    author={Zhao, Wayne Xin and Zhou, Kun and Li, Junyi and Tang, Tianyi and Wang, Xiaolei and Hou, Yupeng and Min, Yingqian and Zhang, Beichen and Zhang, Junjie and Dong, Zican and Du, Yifan and Yang, Chen and Chen, Yushuo and Chen, Zhipeng and Jiang, Jinhao and Ren, Ruiyang and Li, Yifan and Tang, Xinyu and Liu, Zikang and Liu, Peiyu and Nie, Jian-Yun and Wen, Ji-Rong},
    year={2023},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223},
    url={http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.18223}
}

🚀(New) We have released the Chinese book of our survey!

The Chinese book focuses on providing explanations for beginners in the field of LLMs, aiming to present a comprehensive framework and roadmap for LLMs. This book is suitable for senior undergraduate students and junior graduate students with a foundation in deep learning and can serve as an introductory technical book. You can download the Chinese book at https://llmbook-zh.github.io/.

Here is our Chinese book sales page.

chinese_version

🚀(New) The content about long CoT reasoning

In our latest version, we add new content of the recent popular reasoning paradigm by allocating more time to thinking before responding to a problem. We focus on long CoT reasoning which is the mainstream approach taken by recent LLMs, such as DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI's o-series models. We first discuss the reasoning patterns and advantages of the long CoT paradigm. Then we present the construction approaches of long CoT data, including data distillation, search-based data synthesis, and multi-agent collaboration. Moreover, we introduce the commonly-used two training methods: long CoT instruction tuning and scaling reinforcement learning training. Finally, we conduct a in-depth discussion about recent test-time scaling efforts for LLMs.

Cover

Here are the trends of the cumulative numbers of arXiv papers that contain the keyphrases “language model” (since June 2018) and “large language model” (since October 2019), respectively.

arxiv_llms

The statistics are calculated using exact match by querying the keyphrases in title or abstract by months. We set different x-axis ranges for the two keyphrases, because “language models” have been explored at an earlier time. We label the points corresponding to important landmarks in the research progress of LLMs. A sharp increase occurs after the release of ChatGPT: the average number of published arXiv papers that contain “large language model” in title or abstract goes from 0.40 per day to 8.58 per day.

Technical Evolution of GPT-series Models

A brief illustration for the technical evolution of GPT-series models. We plot this figure mainly based on the papers, blog articles and official APIs from OpenAI. Here, solid lines denote that there exists an explicit evidence (e.g., the official statement that a new model is developed based on a base model) on the evolution path between two models, while dashed lines denote a relatively weaker evolution relation.

gpt-series

Evolutionary Graph of LLaMA Family

An evolutionary graph of the research work conducted on LLaMA. Due to the huge number, we cannot include all the LLaMA variants in this figure, even much excellent work.

LLaMA_family

To support incremental update, we share the source file of this figure, and welcome the readers to include the desired models by submitting the pull requests on our GitHub page. If you're instrested, please request by application.

Prompts

We collect some useful tips for designing prompts that are collected from online notes and experiences from our authors, where we also show the related ingredients and principles (introduced in Section 8.1).

prompt examples

Please click here to view more detailed information.

Welcome everyone to provide us with more relevant tips in the form of issues. After selection, we will regularly update them on GitHub and indicate the source.

Experiments

Instruction Tuning Experiments

We will explore the effect of different types of instructions in fine-tuning LLMs (i.e., 7B LLaMA26), as well as examine the usefulness of several instruction improvement strategies.

instruction_tuning_table

Please click here to view more detailed information.

Ability Evaluaition Experiments

We conduct a fine-grained evaluation on the abilities discussed in Section 7.1 and Section 7.2. For each kind of ability, we select representative tasks and datasets for conducting evaluation experiments to examine the corresponding performance of LLMs.

ability_main

Please click here to view more detailed information.

We also call for support of computing power for conducting more comprehensive experiments.

Table of Contents

Timeline of LLMs

LLMs_timeline

List of LLMs

<
Category model Release Time Size(B) Link
Publicly
Accessbile
T5 2019/10 11 Paper
mT5 2021/03 13 Paper
PanGu-α 2021/05 13 Paper
CPM-2 2021/05 198 Paper
T0 2021/10 11 Paper
GPT-NeoX-20B 2022/02 20 Paper
CodeGen 2022/03 16 Paper
Tk-Instruct 2022/04 11 Paper
UL2 2022/02 20 Paper
OPT 2022/05 175 Paper
YaLM 2022/06 100 GitHub
NLLB 2022/07 55 Paper
BLOOM 2022/07 176 Paper
GLM 2022/08 130 Paper
Flan-T5 2022/10 11 Paper
mT0 2022/11 13 Paper
Galatica 2022/11 120 Paper
BLOOMZ 2022/11 176 Paper
OPT-IML 2022/12 175 Paper
Pythia 2023/01 12 Paper
LLaMA 2023/02 65 Paper
Vicuna 2023/03 13 Blog
ChatGLM 2023/03 6 GitHub
CodeGeeX 2023/03 13 Paper
Alpaca 2023/03 7 Blog
Koala 2023/04 13 Blog
Mistral 2023/09 7 Blog
Closed
Source
GShard 2020/01 600 Paper
GPT-3 2020/05 175 Paper
LaMDA 2021/05 137 Paper
HyperCLOVA 2021/06 82 Paper
Codex 2021/07 12 Paper
ERNIE 3.0 2021/07 10 Paper
Jurassic-1 2021/08 178 Paper
FLAN 2021/10 137 Paper
MT-NLG 2021/10 530 Paper
Yuan 1.0 2021/10 245 Paper
Anthropic 2021/12 52 Paper
WebGPT 2021/12 175 Paper
Gopher 2021/12 280 Paper
ERNIE 3.0 Titan 2021/12 260 Paper

LLMSurvey (RUCAIBox/LLMSurvey)

Searching Database…

12.2K ·GitHub
What is this?It is the official GitHub page for the survey paper 'A Survey of Large Language Models' — a curated collection of papers and resources on how LLMs are built, adapted, and used.
Is this software I can run, or a reading resource?A reading resource, not a runnable tool: the repo organizes papers and lists (timeline of LLMs, model catalog, corpora, libraries, prompt tips) following the survey's structure.
Where should someone new to LLMs start with it?Read the survey itself — it lays out a comprehensive framework and roadmap from pre-training to evaluation — or pick up the Chinese book, written as an introductory technical text for beginners.
Do I need a deep learning background to follow it?Yes, some: the Chinese book is aimed at senior undergraduates and junior graduate students who already have a foundation in deep learning.
Does it keep up with how fast the field moves?The team keeps extending it: the latest version adds a section on long CoT reasoning, the paradigm behind recent models such as DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI's o-series.
Are the experiments something I could try myself?They describe instruction tuning runs on a 7B LLaMA model plus fine-grained ability evaluations, and note they are seeking computing power for more comprehensive experiments.
Which LLMs does its catalog include?A timeline plus a categorized list of open and closed models — T5, BLOOM, GLM, LLaMA, ChatGLM, Vicuna, Mistral on the public side; GPT-3, LaMDA, Gopher and MT-NLG (530B) among closed ones — each with release date, parameter size, and link.
What does the new long CoT reasoning chapter cover?The reasoning patterns and advantages of the long CoT paradigm, how such data is constructed (distillation, search-based synthesis, multi-agent collaboration), the two training methods (long CoT instruction tuning and scaled reinforcement learning), and recent test-time scaling efforts.
Why does the README show a chart of arXiv paper counts?To illustrate the field's boom: after ChatGPT's release, the average number of daily arXiv papers mentioning 'large language model' in title or abstract jumped from 0.40 to 8.58 per day.
Does it offer anything practical beyond paper lists?Yes — a collection of prompt design tips with their ingredients and principles (open for contributions via issues), plus write-ups of the instruction tuning and ability evaluation experiments.
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RUCAIBox
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12.2K
Updated
CommitMar 11
Age
3y
Commits · 90 Days