GitHub Cheat Sheet 
A collection of cool hidden and not so hidden features of Git and GitHub. This cheat sheet was inspired by Zach Holman's Git and GitHub Secrets talk at Aloha Ruby Conference 2012 (slides) and his More Git and GitHub Secrets talk at WDCNZ 2013 (slides).
Shortlink: http://git.io/sheet
Read this in other languages: English, 한국어, 日本語, 简体中文, 正體中文.
GitHub Cheat Sheet is sponsored by Snapshot: create interactive professional-quality product photos using AI
Table of Contents
GitHub
Ignore Whitespace
Adding ?w=1 to any diff URL will remove any changes only in whitespace, enabling you to see only the code that has changed.
Read more about GitHub secrets.
Adjust Tab Space
Adding ?ts=4 to a diff or file URL will display tab characters as 4 spaces wide instead of the default 8. The number after ts can be adjusted to suit your preference. This does not work on Gists, or raw file views, but a Chrome extension can automate this.
Here is a Go source file before adding ?ts=4:
...and this is after adding ?ts=4:
Commit History by Author
To view all commits on a repo by author add ?author={user} to the URL.
https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master?author=dhh
Read more about the differences between commits views.
Cloning a Repository
When cloning a repository the .git can be left off the end.
$ git clone https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet
Read more about the Git clone command.
Branch
Compare all Branches to Another Branch
If you go to the repo's Branches page, next to the Commits button:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/branches
... you would see a list of all branches which are not merged into the main branch.
From here you can access the compare page or delete a branch with a click of a button.
Comparing Branches
To use GitHub to compare branches, change the URL to look like this:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/compare/{range}
where {range} = master...4-1-stable
For example:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable
{range} can be changed to things like:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{1.day.ago}...master
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{2014-10-04}...master
Here, dates are in the format YYYY-MM-DD
Branches can also be compared in diff and patch views:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable.diff
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable.patch
Read more about comparing commits across time.
Compare Branches across Forked Repositories
To use GitHub to compare branches across forked repositories, change the URL to look like this:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/compare/{foreign-user}:{branch}...{own-branch}
For example:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/byroot:master...master
Gists
Gists are an easy way to work with small bits of code without creating a fully fledged repository.
Add .pibb to the end of any Gist URL (like this) in order to get the HTML-only version suitable for embedding in any other site.
Gists can be treated as a repository so they can be cloned like any other:
$ git clone https://gist.github.com/tiimgreen/10545817
This means you also can modify and push updates to Gists:
$ git commit
$ git push
Username for 'https://gist.github.com':
Password for 'https://[email protected]':
However, Gists do not support directories. All files need to be added to the repository root.
Read more about creating Gists.
Git.io
Git.io is a simple URL shortener for GitHub.
You can also use it via pure HTTP using Curl:
$ curl -i http://git.io -F "url=https://github.com/..."
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: http://git.io/abc123
$ curl -i http://git.io/abc123
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: https://github.com/...
Read more about Git.io.
Keyboard Shortcuts
When on a repository page, keyboard shortcuts allow you to navigate easily.
- Pressing
t will bring up a file explorer.
- Pressing
w will bring up the branch selector.
- Pressing
s will focus the search field for the current repository. Pressing ↓ to select the “All GitHub” option changes the field to search all of GitHub.
- Pressing
l will edit labels on existing Issues.
- Pressing
y when looking at a file (e.g., https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/blob/master/README.md) will change your URL to one which, in effect, freezes the page you are looking at. If this code changes, you will still be able to see what you saw at that current time.
To see all of the shortcuts for the current page press ?:
Read more about search syntax you can use.
Line Highlighting in Repositories
Either adding, e.g., #L52 to the end of a code file URL or simply clicking the line number will highlight that line number.
It also works with ranges, e.g., #L53-L60, to select ranges, hold shift and click two lines:
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb#L53-L60
Closing Issues via Commit Messages
If a particular commit fixes an issue, any of the keywords fix/fixes/fixed, close/closes/closed or resolve/resolves/resolved, followed by the issue number, will close the issue once it is committed to the repository's default branch.
$ git commit -m "Fix screwup, fixes #12"
This closes the issue and references the closing commit.
Read more about closing Issues via commit messages.
Cross-Link Issues
If you want to link to another issue in the same repository, simply type hash # then the issue number, and it will be auto-linked.
To link to an issue in another repository, {user}/{repo}#ISSUE_NUMBER, e.g., tiimgreen/toc#12.
Locking Conversations
Pull Requests and Issues can now be locked by owners or collaborators of the repo.
This means that users who are not collaborators on the project will no longer be able to comment.
Read more about locking conversations.
CI Status on Pull Requests
If set up correctly, every time you receive a Pull Request, Travis CI will build that Pull Request just like it would every time you make a new commit. Read more about how to get started with Travis CI.
Read more about the commit status API.
Filters
Both issues and pull requests allow filtering in the user interface.
For the Rails repo: https://github.com/rails/rails/issues, the following filter is built by selecting the label "activerecord":
is:issue label:activerecord
But, you can also find all issues that are NOT labeled activerecord:
is:issue -label:activerecord
Additionally, this also works for pull requests:
is:pr -label:activerecord
Github has tabs for displaying open or closed issues and pull requests but you
can also see merged pull requests. Just put the following in the filter:
is:merged
Read more about searching issues.
Finally, github now allows you to filter by the Status API's status.
Pull requests with only successful statuses:
status:success
Read more about searching on the Status API.
Syntax Highlighting in Markdown Files
For example, to syntax highlight Ruby code in your Markdown files write:
```ruby
require 'tabbit'
table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
table.add_row('Tim Green', '[email protected]')
puts table.to_s
```
This will produce:
require 'tabbit'
table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
table.add_row('Tim Green', '[email protected]')
puts table.to_s
GitHub uses Linguist to perform language detection and syntax highlighting. You can find out which keywords are valid by perusing the languages YAML file.
Read more about GitHub Flavored Markdown.
Emojis
Emojis can be added to Pull Requests, Issues, commit messages, repository descriptions, etc. using :name_of_emoji:.
The full list of supported Emojis on GitHub can be found at emoji-cheat-sheet.com or scotch-io/All-Github-Emoji-Icons.
A handy emoji search engine can be found at emoji.muan.co.
The top 5 used Emojis on GitHub are:
:shipit::sparkles::-1::+1::clap:
Images/GIFs
Images and GIFs can be added to comments, READMEs etc.:
Raw images from the repo can be used by calling them directly.:
All images are cached on GitHub, so if your host goes down, the image will remain available.
Embedding Images in GitHub Wiki
There are multiple ways of embedding images in Wiki pages. There's the standard Markdown syntax (shown above). But there's also a syntax that allows things like specifying the height or width of the image:
[[ http://www.sheawong.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/keephatin.gif | height = 100px ]]
Which produces:
Quick Quoting
When on a comment thread and you want to quote something someone previously said, highlight the text and press r, this will copy it into your text box in the block-quote format.
Read more about quick quoting.
(Works on Chrome browsers only)
After taking a screenshot and adding it to the clipboard (mac: cmd-ctrl-shift-4), you can simply paste (cmd-v / ctrl-v) the image into the comment section and it will be auto-uploaded to github.
Read more about issue attachments.
Quick Licensing
When creating a repository, GitHub gives you the option of adding in a pre-made license:
You can also add them to existing repositories by creating a new file through the web interface. When the name LICENSE is typed in you will get an option to use a template:
Also works for .gitignore.
Read more about open source licensing.
Task Lists
In Issues and Pull requests check boxes can be added with the following syntax (notice the space):
- [ ] Be awesome
- [ ] Prepare dinner
- [ ] Research recipe
- [ ] Buy ingredients
- [ ] Cook recipe
- [ ] Sleep
When they are clicked, they will be updated in the pure Markdown:
- [x] Be awesome
- [ ] Prepare dinner
- [x] Research recipe
- [x] Buy ingredients
- [ ] Cook recipe
- [ ] Sleep
Read more about task lists.
Task Lists in Markdown Documents
In full Markdown documents read-only checklists can now be added using the following syntax:
- [ ] Mercury
- [x] Venus
- [x] Earth
- [x] Moon
- [x] Mars
- [ ] Deimos
- [ ] Phobos
Read more about task lists in markdown documents.
Relative Links
Relative links are recommended in your Markdown files when linking to internal content.
[Link to a header](#awesome-section)
[Link to a file](docs/readme)
Absolute links have to be updated whenever the URL changes (e.g., repository renamed, username changed, project forked). Using relative links makes your documentation easily stand on its own.
Read more about relative links.
Metadata and Plugin Support for GitHub Pages
Within Jekyll pages and posts, repository information is available within the site.github namespace, and can be displayed, for example, using {{ site.github.project_title }}.
The Jemoji and jekyll-mentions plugins enable emoji and @mentions in your Jekyll posts and pages to work just like you'd expect when interacting with a repository on GitHub.com.
Read more about repository metadata and plugin support for GitHub Pages.
Many blogging websites, like Jekyll with GitHub Pages, depend on some YAML-formatted metadata at the beginning of your post. GitHub w
Это шпаргалка, в которой собраны полезные, скрытые и не очень скрытые возможности Git и GitHub: трюки с URL, горячие клавиши, списки задач и приёмы для diff. Каждая из них объяснена на коротком примере.